Raymond Gabriel Najjar, Jr. &ndash; Research Output

2019

Carbon cycling in the North American coastal ocean: A synthesis

Fennel, K., Alin, S., Barbero, L., Evans, W., Bourgeois, T., Cooley, S., Dunne, J., Feely, R. A., Martin Hernandez-Ayon, J., Hu, X., Lohrenz, S., Muller-Karger, F., Najjar, R., Robbins, L., Shadwick, E., Siedlecki, S., Steiner, N., Sutton, A., Turk, D., Vlahos, P. & 1 others, Aleck Wang, Z., Mar 27 2019, In : Biogeosciences. 16, 6, p. 1281-1304 24 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Open Access

oceans

synthesis

carbon

open ocean

ocean

Estuarine Dissolved Organic Carbon Flux From Space: With Application to Chesapeake and Delaware Bays

Signorini, S. R., Mannino, A., Friedrichs, M. A. M., St-Laurent, P., Wilkin, J., Tabatabai, A., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Hofmann, E. E., Da, F., Tian, H. & Yao, Y., Jun 1 2019, In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 124, 6, p. 3755-3778 24 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Delaware Bay (US)

Chesapeake Bay (US)

Chesapeake Bay

carbon flux

Organic carbon

High-Frequency CO₂ System Variability Over the Winter-to-Spring Transition in a Coastal Plain Estuary

Shadwick, E. H., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Najjar, R. G., De Meo, O. A., Friedman, J. R., Da, F. & Reay, W. G., Jan 1 2019, (Accepted/In press) In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

coastal plains

estuaries

Springs (water)

Carbonates

Estuaries

1 Citation (Scopus)

Ocean Circulation Causes Strong Variability in the Mid-Atlantic Bight Nitrogen Budget

Friedrichs, M. A. M., St-Laurent, P., Xiao, Y., Hofmann, E., Hyde, K., Mannino, A., Najjar, R. G., Narváez, D. A., Signorini, S. R., Tian, H., Wilkin, J., Yao, Y. & Xue, J., Jan 2019, In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 124, 1, p. 113-134 22 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

budgets

oceans

Nitrogen

nitrogen

causes

Seasonal and Interannual Variability in Net Ecosystem Production of a Subtropical Coastal Lagoon Inferred from Monthly Oxygen Surveys

Seidensticker, L. E., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Herrmann, M., Boyer, J. N., Briceño, H. O., Kemp, W. M. & Tomaso, D. J., Mar 15 2019, In : Estuaries and Coasts. 42, 2, p. 455-469 15 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

net ecosystem production

coastal lagoon

oxygen

estuaries

estuary

2018

A fiscally based scale for tropical cyclone storm surge

Walker, A. M., Titley, D. W., Mann, M. E., Najjar, R. G. & Miller, S. K., Dec 1 2018, In : Weather and Forecasting. 33, 6, p. 1709-1723 15 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

storm surge

tropical cyclone

hurricane

economic analysis

damage

3 Citations (Scopus)

Assessing Phytoplankton Nutritional Status and Potential Impact of Wet Deposition in Seasonally Oligotrophic Waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight

Sedwick, P. N., Bernhardt, P. W., Mulholland, M. R., Najjar, R. G., Blumen, L. M., Sohst, B. M., Sookhdeo, C. & Widner, B., Apr 16 2018, In : Geophysical Research Letters. 45, 7, p. 3203-3211 9 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

phytoplankton

nutritional status

wet deposition

nitrates

nitrate

18 Citations (Scopus)

Carbon Budget of Tidal Wetlands, Estuaries, and Shelf Waters of Eastern North America

Najjar, R. G., Herrmann, M., Alexander, R., Boyer, E. W., Burdige, D. J., Butman, D., Cai, W. J., Canuel, E. A., Chen, R. F., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Feagin, R. A., Griffith, P. C., Hinson, A. L., Holmquist, J. R., Hu, X., Kemp, W. M., Kroeger, K. D., Mannino, A., McCallister, S. L., McGillis, W. R. & 10 others, Mulholland, M. R., Pilskaln, C. H., Salisbury, J., Signorini, S. R., St-Laurent, P., Tian, H., Tzortziou, M., Vlahos, P., Wang, Z. A. & Zimmerman, R. C., Mar 2018, In : Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 32, 3, p. 389-416 28 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

carbon budget

Estuaries

Wetlands

Carbon

wetland

Heat-Engine and Entropy-Production Analyses of the World Ocean

Bannon, P. R. & Najjar, Jr., R. G., Nov 1 2018, In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 123, 11, p. 8532-8547 16 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

heat engines

Heat engines

engines

entropy

engine

6 Citations (Scopus)

Impact of climate change and climate anomalies on hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in an agricultural catchment of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA

Wagena, M. B., Collick, A. S., Ross, A. C., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Rau, B., Sommerlot, A. R., Fuka, D. R., Kleinman, P. J. A. & Easton, Z. M., Oct 1 2018, In : Science of the Total Environment. 637-638, p. 1443-1454 12 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

agricultural catchment

Watersheds

Climate change

Catchments

Nutrients

19 Citations (Scopus)

Remote sensing retrievals of colored dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon dynamics in North American estuaries and their margins

Cao, F., Tzortziou, M., Hu, C., Mannino, A., Fichot, C. G., Del Vecchio, R., Najjar, Jr., R. G. & Novak, M., Feb 1 2018, In : Remote Sensing of Environment. 205, p. 151-165 15 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Estuaries

dissolved organic matter

Organic carbon

dissolved organic carbon

Biological materials

2017

25 Citations (Scopus)

Biogeochemical protocols and diagnostics for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP)

Orr, J. C., Najjar, R. G., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Bullister, J. L., Danabasoglu, G., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Dutay, J. C., Graven, H., Griffies, S. M., John, J. G., Joos, F., Levin, I., Lindsay, K., Matear, R. J., McKinley, G. A., Mouchet, A., Oschlies, A., Romanou, A. & 4 others, Schlitzer, R., Tagliabue, A., Tanhua, T. & Yool, A., Jun 9 2017, In : Geoscientific Model Development. 10, 6, p. 2169-2199 31 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Ocean

Diagnostics

ocean

Carbon

tracer

10 Citations (Scopus)

Fingerprints of Sea Level Rise on Changing Tides in the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays

Ross, A. C., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Li, M., Lee, S. B., Zhang, F. & Liu, W., Oct 1 2017, In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 122, 10, p. 8102-8125 24 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Delaware Bay (US)

Chesapeake Bay (US)

Chesapeake Bay

Sea level

Tides

9 Citations (Scopus)

Impacts of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Surface Waters of the Western North Atlantic Mitigated by Multiple Feedbacks

St-Laurent, P., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Najjar, R. G., Martins, D. K., Herrmann, M., Miller, S. K. & Wilkin, J., Nov 2017, In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 122, 11, p. 8406-8426 21 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

surface water

Surface waters

Nitrogen

Feedback

nitrogen

7 Citations (Scopus)

Salinity and streamflow variability in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and its relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns

Schulte, J. A., Najjar, Jr., R. G. & Lee, S., Jul 1 2017, In : Journal of Hydrology. 550, p. 65-79 15 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

atmospheric circulation

sea level pressure

streamflow

salinity

Rossby wave

17 Citations (Scopus)

The spatial distribution of soil organic carbon in tidal wetland soils of the continental United States

Hinson, A. L., Feagin, R. A., Eriksson, M., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Herrmann, M., Bianchi, T. S., Kemp, M., Hutchings, J. A., Crooks, S. & Boutton, T., Dec 1 2017, In : Global Change Biology. 23, 12, p. 5468-5480 13 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Wetlands

Organic carbon

Spatial distribution

organic carbon

wetland

2016

5 Citations (Scopus)

A perspective on needed research, modeling, and management approaches that can enhance Great Lakes fisheries management under changing ecosystem conditions

DeVanna Fussell, K. M., Smith, R. E. H., Fraker, M. E., Boegman, L., Frank, K. T., Miller, T. J., Tyson, J. T., Arend, K. K., Boisclair, D., Guildford, S. J., Hecky, R. E., Hӧӧk, T. O., Jensen, O. P., Llopiz, J. K., May, C. J., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Rudstam, L. G., Taggart, C. T., Rao, Y. R. & Ludsin, S. A., Aug 1 2016, In : Journal of Great Lakes Research. 42, 4, p. 743-752 10 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Comment/debate

Great Lakes

fishery management

fisheries management

ecosystems

ecosystem

11 Citations (Scopus)

Dissolved organic carbon fluxes in the Middle Atlantic Bight: An integrated approach based on satellite data and ocean model products

Mannino, A., Signorini, S. R., Novak, M. G., Wilkin, J., Friedrichs, M. A. M. & Najjar, R. G., Feb 2016, In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 121, 2, p. 312-336 25 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

ocean models

carbon flux

Organic carbon

dissolved organic carbon

integrated approach

3 Citations (Scopus)

Spatial and temporal variability of ground and satellite column measurements of NO₂ and O₃ over the atlantic ocean during the deposition of atmospheric nitrogen to coastal ecosystems experiment

Martins, D. K., Najjar, R. G., Tzortziou, M., Abuhassan, N., Thompson, A. M. & Kollonige, D. E., Dec 16 2016, In : Journal of Geophysical Research. 121, 23, p. 14,175-14,187

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Atlantic Ocean

atmospheric deposition

nitrogen dioxide

ecosystems

Ecosystems

16 Citations (Scopus)

The influence of climate modes on streamflow in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States

Schulte, J. A., Najjar, Jr., R. G. & Li, M., Mar 1 2016, In : Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 5, p. 80-99 20 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

streamflow

Southern Oscillation

climate

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

drought

2015

7 Citations (Scopus)

A coupled surface-subsurface modeling framework to assess the impact of climate change on freshwater wetlands

Yu, X., Bhatt, G., Duffy, C. J., Wardrop, D. H., Najjar, R. G., Ross, A. C. & Rydzik, M., Jan 1 2015, In : Climate Research. 66, 3, p. 211-228 18 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Wetlands

Climate change

wetland

climate change

modeling

42 Citations (Scopus)

Anthropogenic and climatic influences on carbon fluxes from eastern North America to the Atlantic Ocean: A process-based modeling study

Tian, H., Yang, Q., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Ren, W., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hopkinson, C. S. & Pan, S., Apr 1 2015, In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 120, 4, p. 752-772 21 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Atlantic Ocean

carbon flux

Carbon

dissolved inorganic carbon

Fluxes

11 Citations (Scopus)

Geometric and topological approaches to significance testing in wavelet analysis

Schulte, J. A., Duffy, C. & Najjar, R. G., Mar 10 2015, In : Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics. 22, 2, p. 139-156 18 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Wavelet analysis

wavelet analysis

Time series

wavelet

Testing

24 Citations (Scopus)

Increased nitrogen export from eastern North America to the Atlantic Ocean due to climatic and anthropogenic changes during 1901-2008

Yang, Q., Tian, H., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hopkinson, C. S., Lu, C. & Najjar, Jr., R. G., Jan 1 2015, In : Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences. 120, 6, p. 1046-1068 23 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Atlantic Ocean

Nitrogen

nitrogen

ocean

particulate organic nitrogen

2 Citations (Scopus)

Long-term variations in the dissolved oxygen budget of an urbanized tidal river: The upper Delaware Estuary

Tomaso, D. J. & Najjar, Jr., R. G., Jan 1 2015, In : Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences. 120, 6, p. 1027-1045 19 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

oxygen consumption

estuaries

Estuaries

Dissolved oxygen

budgets

45 Citations (Scopus)

Net ecosystem production and organic carbon balance of U.S. East Coast estuaries: A synthesis approach

Herrmann, M., Najjar, R. G., Kemp, W. M., Alexander, R. B., Boyer, E. W., Cai, W. J., Griffith, P. C., Kroeger, K. D., McCallister, S. L. & Smith, R. A., Jan 2015, In : Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 29, 1, p. 96-111 16 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

net ecosystem production

carbon balance

Estuaries

Organic carbon

Ecosystems

23 Citations (Scopus)

Sea-level rise and other influences on decadal-scale salinity variability in a coastal plain estuary

Ross, A. C., Najjar, R. G., Li, M., Mann, M. E., Ford, S. E. & Katz, B., May 5 2015, In : Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 157, p. 79-92 14 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

coastal plains

coastal plain

sea level

estuaries

estuary

2014

1 Citation (Scopus)

Available energy of the world ocean

Bannon, P. R. & Najjar, R. G., Jun 27 2014, In : Journal of Marine Research. 72, 4, p. 219-242 24 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

ocean

energy

salinity

world

sea surface height

11 Citations (Scopus)

Influence of precipitation events on phytoplankton biomass in coastal waters of the eastern United States

Kim, T. W., Najjar, Jr., R. G. & Lee, K., Jan 1 2014, In : Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 28, 1, p. 1-13 13 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Phytoplankton

Nutrients

coastal water

Biomass

phytoplankton

Understanding coastal carbon cycling by linking top-down and bottom-up approaches

Barr, J. G., Troxler, T. G. & Najjar, R. G., Sep 2 2014, In : Eos. 95, 35, 1 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article

bottom-up approach

seagrass meadow

coastal wetland

carbon

ecosystem service

2013

52 Citations (Scopus)

Surface ocean pCO₂ seasonality and sea-air CO₂ flux estimates for the North American east coast

Signorini, S. R., Mannino, A., Najjar, R. G., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Cai, W. J., Salisbury, J., Wang, Z. A., Thomas, H. & Shadwick, E., Oct 2013, In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 118, 10, p. 5439-5460 22 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

ocean surface

coasts

seasonality

Coastal zones

sea surface

2012

1 Citation (Scopus)

Climate science and the broadcast meteorologist

Nese, J. M., Najjar, Jr., R. G. & Murgo, J. G., Dec 1 2012, In : Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 93, 12, p. 1913-1916 4 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

television

climate

global climate

climate modeling

general circulation model

14 Citations (Scopus)

Diagnostic modeling of dimethylsulfide production in coastal water west of the Antarctic Peninsula

Herrmann, M., Najjar, R. G., Neeley, A. R., Vila-Costa, M., Dacey, J. W. H., DiTullio, G. R., Kieber, D. J., Kiene, R. P., Matrai, P. A., Simó, R. & Vernet, M., Jan 1 2012, In : Continental Shelf Research. 32, p. 96-109 14 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

biological production

dimethylsulfide

coastal water

modeling

physical models

21 Citations (Scopus)

Probabilistic projections of anthropogenic climate change impacts on precipitation for the mid-Atlantic region of the United States

Ning, L., Mann, M. E., Crane, R., Wagener, T., Najjar, R. G. & Singh, R., Aug 1 2012, In : Journal of Climate. 25, 15, p. 5273-5291 19 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

downscaling

climate change

general circulation model

winter

humidity

2011

8 Citations (Scopus)

Constraints on Lake Agassiz discharge through the late-glacial Champlain Sea (St. Lawrence Lowlands, Canada) using salinity proxies and an estuarine circulation model

Katz, B., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Cronin, T., Rayburn, J. & Mann, M., Nov 1 2011, In : Quaternary Science Reviews. 30, 23-24, p. 3248-3257 10 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

late glacial

lowlands

Canada

salinity

natural disaster

129 Citations (Scopus)

Increasing N abundance in the northwestern pacific ocean due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Kim, T. W., Lee, K., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Jeong, H. D. & Jeong, H. J., Oct 28 2011, In : Science. 334, 6055, p. 505-509 5 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Pacific Ocean

Nitrogen

Oceans and Seas

Nitrates

Phosphorus

55 Citations (Scopus)

Modeling the dynamics of continental shelf carbon

Hofmann, E. E., Cahill, B., Fennel, K., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hyde, K., Lee, C., Mannino, A., Najjar, Jr., R. G., O'Reilly, J. E., Wilkin, J. & Xue, J., Dec 1 2011, In : Annual Review of Marine Science. 3, p. 93-122 30 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

continental shelf

continental margin

carbon

modeling

nutrient budget

Potential impacts of sea-level rise on the Atlantic and the gulf of Mexico Coast of the United States

Wu, S. Y. & Najjar, Jr., R. G., 2011, Sea Level Rise, Coastal Engineering, Shorelines and Tides. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., p. 123-137 15 p.

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

coast

subsidence

gulf

sea level rise

tide gauge

2010

251 Citations (Scopus)

Potential climate-change impacts on the Chesapeake Bay

Najjar, R. G., Pyke, C. R., Adams, M. B., Breitburg, D., Hershner, C., Kemp, M., Howarth, R., Mulholland, M. R., Paolisso, M., Secor, D., Sellner, K., Wardrop, D. & Wood, R., Jan 1 2010, In : Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 86, 1, p. 1-20 20 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Chesapeake Bay

climate change

stream flow

algae

sea level

2009

52 Citations (Scopus)

Climate simulations of major estuarine watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US

Najjar, R., Patterson, L. & Graham, S., Jul 1 2009, In : Climatic Change. 95, 1-2, p. 139-168 30 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

watershed

climate

simulation

twentieth century

temperature

9 Citations (Scopus)

Household heating and cooling energy use in the northeast usa: Comparing the effects of climate change with those of purposive behaviors

Shorr, N., Najjar, R. G., Amato, A. & Graham, S., Jun 18 2009, In : Climate Research. 39, 1, p. 19-30 12 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

energy use

Climate change

Cooling

heating

cooling

2 Citations (Scopus)

Oceanography: The dark side of marine carbon

Najjar, Jr., R. G., Sep 1 2009, In : Nature Geoscience. 2, 9, p. 603-604 2 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

oceanography

carbon

34 Citations (Scopus)

Potential impacts of sea-level rise on the Mid- and Upper-Atlantic Region of the United States

Wu, S. Y., Najjar, Jr., R. G. & Siewert, J., Jul 1 2009, In : Climatic Change. 95, 1-2, p. 121-138 18 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

digital elevation model

global climate

climate modeling

subsidence

infrastructure

12 Citations (Scopus)

"Weather in a tank": Exploiting laboratory experiments in the teaching of meteorology, oceanography, and climate

Illari, L., Marshall, J., Bannon, P., Botella, J., Clark, R., Haine, T., Kumar, A., Lee, S., Mackin, K. J., Mckinley, G. A., Morgan, M., Najjar, R., Sikora, T. & Tandon, A., Dec 1 2009, In : Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 90, 11, p. 1619-1632 14 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

oceanography

meteorology

teaching

weather

climate

2008

83 Citations (Scopus)

Denitrification effects on air-sea CO₂ flux in the coastal ocean: Simulations for the northwest North Atlantic

Fennel, K., Wilkin, J., Previdi, M. & Najjar, Jr., R. G., Dec 28 2008, In : Geophysical Research Letters. 35, 24, L24608.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

alkalinity

denitrification

oceans

air

ocean

42 Citations (Scopus)

Diel carbon monoxide cycling in the upper Sargasso Sea near Bermuda at the onset of spring and in midsummer

Zafiriou, O. C., Xie, H., Nelson, N. B., Najjar, R. G. & Wang, W., Mar 2008, In : Limnology and Oceanography. 53, 2, p. 835-850 16 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Sargasso Sea

Bermuda

carbon monoxide

summer

mixed layer

26 Citations (Scopus)

Dimethylsulfide production in Sargasso Sea eddies

Bailey, K. E., Toole, D. A., Blomquist, B., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Huebert, B., Kieber, D. J., Kiene, R. P., Matrai, P., Westby, G. R. & del Valle, D. A., May 1 2008, In : Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 55, 10-13, p. 1491-1504 14 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

dimethylsulfide

eddy

mixed layer

dimethylsulfoniopropionate

vertical mixing

35 Citations (Scopus)

Eastern US continental shelf carbon budget: Integrating models, data assimilation, and analysis

Hofmann, E., Druon, J. N., Fennel, K., Friedrichs, M., Haidvogel, D., Lee, C., Mannino, A., McClain, C., Najjar, R., O'Reilly, J., Pollard, D., Previdi, M., Seitzinger, S., Siewert, J., Signorini, S. & Wilkin, J., Mar 1 2008, In : Oceanography. 21, SPL.ISS. 1, p. 86-104 19 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

carbon budget

data assimilation

continental shelf

data analysis

19 Citations (Scopus)

Factors determining the vertical profile of dimethylsulfide in the Sargasso Sea during summer

Gabric, A. J., Matrai, P. A., Kiene, R. P., Cropp, R., Dacey, J. W. H., DiTullio, G. R., Najjar, R. G., Simó, R., Toole, D. A., delValle, D. A. & Slezak, D., May 1 2008, In : Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 55, 10-13, p. 1505-1518 14 p.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

dimethylsulfide

vertical profile

summer

dimethylsulfoniopropionate

vertical mixing

45 Citations (Scopus)

Is there a signal of sea-level rise in Chesapeake Bay salinity?

Hilton, T. W., Najjar, Jr., R. G., Zhong, L. & Li, M., Sep 8 2008, In : Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 113, 9, C09002.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article

Chesapeake Bay (US)

Chesapeake Bay

Sea level

salinity

sea level