@article{d127e3ccb0314b248b5a488d50380cb1,
title = "A new ingestion bioassay protocol for assessing pesticide toxicity to the adult Japanese orchard bee (Osmia cornifrons)",
abstract = "Adopting an Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management strategy requires an evaluation of pesticide risk for pollinator species. For non-Apid species, however, the standardized ingestion assays are difficult to implement. This hinders the consideration of non-Apid species in farm management strategies and government regulatory processes. We describe a new method for a mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is an important pollinator of apples and other fruit crops. Our approach overcomes high control mortality seen in other bioassay protocols and expands testing to include males as well as females. The new pesticide toxicity assessment protocol showed that (1) a group feeding method is optimum even though there is no trophallaxis, (2) males had better tolerance to pesticides although they are smaller, and (3) pesticides can cause additional mortality after the standard 48 h assessment time specified by European Food Safety Authority and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.",
author = "Phan, {Ngoc T.} and Joshi, {Neelendra K.} and Rajotte, {Edwin G.} and L{\'o}pez-Uribe, {Margarita M.} and Fang Zhu and Biddinger, {David J.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported in part by a USDA-SCRI Research and Extension grant (PEN04398, D.J. Biddinger and E.G. Rajotte, PDs) on native pollinators, a USDA-NRCS Conservation Innovation grant with the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation (D.J. Biddinger & M. Vaughan, PDs), and by a USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative CAPS grant #2012-51181-20105 (R. Isaacs, PD). N.J. was supported in part by the USDA NIFA (Hatch 1009954). N.P. is grateful for the administrative support provided by Assoc. Prof. Thai Pham (Research Center for Tropical Bees and Beekeeping, Vietnam National University of Agriculture). Authors are thankful to Prof. Gard Otis (University of Guelph, Canada) for constructive feedback and review of the previous draft of this paper and Sarah Heller, Dr. Julia Fine, Dr. Sulav Paudel (Penn State University), and all members of L{\'o}pez-Uribe lab for valuable suggestions while conducting this study. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or affiliated organizations. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020, The Author(s).",
year = "2020",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1038/s41598-020-66118-2",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "10",
journal = "Scientific Reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",
}