TY - CONF
T1 - A survey of sensing and control systems for machine and process monitoring of directed-energy, metal-based additive manufacturing
AU - Reutzel, E. W.
AU - Nassar, A. R.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research, under Contract No. N00014-11-1-0668. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research.
Funding Information:
This work was supported in part by the Air Force Research Laboratory through America Makes under agreement number FA8650-12-2-7230. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of Air Force Research Laboratory or the U.S. Government.
Funding Information:
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions by Mr. Corey Dickman from the Applied Research Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University. This work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research, under Contract No. N00014-11-1-0668. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research. This work was supported in part by the Air Force Research Laboratory through America Makes under agreement number FA8650-12-2-7230. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of Air Force Research Laboratory or the U.S. Government.
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - Additive manufacturing of metal parts is, even in the simplest of cases, a complex undertaking. Parts typically involve hundreds or thousands of individual laser or electron-beam deposits, each of which involve a complex interaction between energy source, feedstock, and substrate. During deposition, many of the independent process variables that contribute to overall build quality-such as travel speed, feedstock flow pattern, energy distrbution, gas pressure, etc-are subject to perturbations from systematic fluctuations (such as changing build geometry or growing global temperature) and random external disturbances (such as spatter on a cover lens). Such process variations affect final part quality, including dimensional tolerance, microstructure, and properties. Researchers have utilized a wide variety of sensor data and analysis for quality monitoring and real-time control of the component geometry, microstructure, and properties. Process attributes that have been targeted for measurement and control include melt pool geometry, temperature, and layer build-height; process parameters that have been utilized for control include processing-head stand-off, substrate angle, travel speed, material feed-rate, and beam power. Here, we survey many of these methods for laser-based, directed-energy deposition, and briefly discuss recently-introduced methods for real-time, closed-loop control of build-plan.
AB - Additive manufacturing of metal parts is, even in the simplest of cases, a complex undertaking. Parts typically involve hundreds or thousands of individual laser or electron-beam deposits, each of which involve a complex interaction between energy source, feedstock, and substrate. During deposition, many of the independent process variables that contribute to overall build quality-such as travel speed, feedstock flow pattern, energy distrbution, gas pressure, etc-are subject to perturbations from systematic fluctuations (such as changing build geometry or growing global temperature) and random external disturbances (such as spatter on a cover lens). Such process variations affect final part quality, including dimensional tolerance, microstructure, and properties. Researchers have utilized a wide variety of sensor data and analysis for quality monitoring and real-time control of the component geometry, microstructure, and properties. Process attributes that have been targeted for measurement and control include melt pool geometry, temperature, and layer build-height; process parameters that have been utilized for control include processing-head stand-off, substrate angle, travel speed, material feed-rate, and beam power. Here, we survey many of these methods for laser-based, directed-energy deposition, and briefly discuss recently-introduced methods for real-time, closed-loop control of build-plan.
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M3 - Paper
AN - SCOPUS:85050965231
SP - 309
EP - 322
T2 - 25th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium � An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2014
Y2 - 4 August 2014 through 6 August 2014
ER -