TY - JOUR
T1 - Achieving accurate energetics beyond (semi-)local density functional theory
T2 - Illustrated with transition metal disulfides, Cu2ZnSnS4, and Na3PS4 related semiconductors
AU - Shang, Shun Li
AU - Wang, Yi
AU - Anderson, Timothy J.
AU - Liu, Zi Kui
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was financially supported by NSF Grants No. CHE-1230924 and No. CHE-1230929. First-principles calculations were carried out partially on the ACI clusters at the Pennsylvania State University, partially on the resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and partially on the resources of the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) supported by NSF Grant No. ACI-1548562.
Funding Information:
This work was financially supported by NSF Grants No. CHE-1230924 and No. CHE-1230929. First-principles calculations were carried out partially on the ACI clusters at the Pennsylvania State University, partially on the resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and partially on the resources of the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) supported by NSF Grant No. ACI-1548562.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 American Physical Society.
PY - 2019/1/2
Y1 - 2019/1/2
N2 - Understanding, designing, and processing functional metal sulfides are significant challenges in part because of the high temperatures and pressures and the number of secondary phases encountered in these complex systems. In particular, the underlying thermochemical properties are not well understood that would allow prediction of equilibrium conditions and driving forces. In addition, obtaining accurate values for the energetics of metal sulfide systems is far from complete, suggesting application of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Here, the results of an examination of 69 phases by DFT using 12 exchange-correlation (X-C) functionals indicate that (i) the key source of error in predicting the Gibbs energy of a phase is the enthalpy calculated at 0 K rather than entropy at finite temperatures from phonon calculations and (ii) an improved prediction of the thermodynamic properties at 0 K relies on the selected nonlocal X-C functional such as the hybrid potential. Regarding metal sulfides, we conclude from the present DFT results that (1) the secondary phase Cu2ZnSn3S8, associated with the desired photovoltaic material Cu2ZnSnS4, is not stable at 0 K, but it becomes slightly stable with increasing temperature (i.e., >800 K), primarily due to the vibrational entropy, which makes it difficult to be detected in a typical thin-film growth process; (2) the hybrid X-C functional improves the predicted energetics for most of the layered transition-metal disulfides such as TiS2, MoS2, and WS2, but not for the nonlayered RuS2, OsS2, and IrS2 as well as the layered PdS2; and (3) the formation of the solid-state electrolyte Na3PS4 is thermodynamically favored. We further conclude that accurate energetics as a function of temperature for the materials of interest is feasible to be achieved beyond the semilocal DFT calculations with the key being enthalpy predicted at 0 K.
AB - Understanding, designing, and processing functional metal sulfides are significant challenges in part because of the high temperatures and pressures and the number of secondary phases encountered in these complex systems. In particular, the underlying thermochemical properties are not well understood that would allow prediction of equilibrium conditions and driving forces. In addition, obtaining accurate values for the energetics of metal sulfide systems is far from complete, suggesting application of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Here, the results of an examination of 69 phases by DFT using 12 exchange-correlation (X-C) functionals indicate that (i) the key source of error in predicting the Gibbs energy of a phase is the enthalpy calculated at 0 K rather than entropy at finite temperatures from phonon calculations and (ii) an improved prediction of the thermodynamic properties at 0 K relies on the selected nonlocal X-C functional such as the hybrid potential. Regarding metal sulfides, we conclude from the present DFT results that (1) the secondary phase Cu2ZnSn3S8, associated with the desired photovoltaic material Cu2ZnSnS4, is not stable at 0 K, but it becomes slightly stable with increasing temperature (i.e., >800 K), primarily due to the vibrational entropy, which makes it difficult to be detected in a typical thin-film growth process; (2) the hybrid X-C functional improves the predicted energetics for most of the layered transition-metal disulfides such as TiS2, MoS2, and WS2, but not for the nonlayered RuS2, OsS2, and IrS2 as well as the layered PdS2; and (3) the formation of the solid-state electrolyte Na3PS4 is thermodynamically favored. We further conclude that accurate energetics as a function of temperature for the materials of interest is feasible to be achieved beyond the semilocal DFT calculations with the key being enthalpy predicted at 0 K.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85060618216&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85060618216&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.015401
DO - 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.015401
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85060618216
SN - 2475-9953
VL - 3
JO - Physical Review Materials
JF - Physical Review Materials
IS - 1
M1 - 015401
ER -