TY - JOUR
T1 - Calcium-bismuth electrodes for large-scale energy storage (liquid metal batteries)
AU - Kim, Hojong
AU - Boysen, Dane A.
AU - Ouchi, Takanari
AU - Sadoway, Donald R.
N1 - Funding Information:
US Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (Award No. DE-AR0000047) and TOTAL, S.A.
Funding Information:
The financial support of the US Department of Energy , Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (Award No. DE-AR0000047) and TOTAL , S.A. is gratefully acknowledged.
Copyright:
Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - Calcium is an attractive electrode material for use in grid-scale electrochemical energy storage due to its low electronegativity, earth abundance, and low cost. The feasibility of combining a liquid Ca-Bi positive electrode with a molten salt electrolyte for use in liquid metal batteries at 500-700 C was investigated. Exhibiting excellent reversibility up to current densities of 200 mA cm-2, the calcium-bismuth liquid alloy system is a promising positive electrode candidate for liquid metal batteries. The measurement of low self-discharge current suggests that the solubility of calcium metal in molten salt electrolytes can be sufficiently suppressed to yield high coulombic efficiencies >98%. The mechanisms giving rise to Ca-Bi electrode overpotentials were investigated in terms of associated charge transfer and mass transport resistances. The formation of low density Ca 11Bi10 intermetallics at the electrode-electrolyte interface limited the calcium deposition rate capability of the electrodes; however, the co-deposition of barium into bismuth from barium-containing molten salts suppressed Ca-Bi intermetallic formation thereby improving the discharge capacity.
AB - Calcium is an attractive electrode material for use in grid-scale electrochemical energy storage due to its low electronegativity, earth abundance, and low cost. The feasibility of combining a liquid Ca-Bi positive electrode with a molten salt electrolyte for use in liquid metal batteries at 500-700 C was investigated. Exhibiting excellent reversibility up to current densities of 200 mA cm-2, the calcium-bismuth liquid alloy system is a promising positive electrode candidate for liquid metal batteries. The measurement of low self-discharge current suggests that the solubility of calcium metal in molten salt electrolytes can be sufficiently suppressed to yield high coulombic efficiencies >98%. The mechanisms giving rise to Ca-Bi electrode overpotentials were investigated in terms of associated charge transfer and mass transport resistances. The formation of low density Ca 11Bi10 intermetallics at the electrode-electrolyte interface limited the calcium deposition rate capability of the electrodes; however, the co-deposition of barium into bismuth from barium-containing molten salts suppressed Ca-Bi intermetallic formation thereby improving the discharge capacity.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.052
DO - 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.052
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84877948232
VL - 241
SP - 239
EP - 248
JO - Journal of Power Sources
JF - Journal of Power Sources
SN - 0378-7753
ER -