@article{243bcc5b4651414c815bdc126782b0da,
title = "Calibration of the logarithmic-periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) radio stations at the Pierre Auger Observatory using an octocopter",
abstract = "An in-situ calibration of a logarithmic periodic dipole antenna with a frequency coverage of 30MHz to 80MHz is performed. Such antennas are part of a radio station system used for detection of cosmic ray induced air showers at the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the so-called Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA). The directional and frequency characteristics of the broadband antenna are investigated using a remotely piloted aircraft carrying a small transmitting antenna. The antenna sensitivity is described by the vector effective length relating the measured voltage with the electric-field components perpendicular to the incoming signal direction. The horizontal and meridional components are determined with an overall uncertainty of 7.4+0.9 -0.3% and 10.3+2.8 -1.7% respectively. The measurement is used to correct a simulated response of the frequency and directional response of the antenna. In addition, the influence of the ground conductivity and permittivity on the antenna response is simulated. Both have a negligible influence given the ground conditions measured at the detector site. The overall uncertainties of the vector effective length components result in an uncertainty of 8.8+2.1 -1.3% in the square root of the energy fluence for incoming signal directions with zenith angles smaller than 60°.",
author = "{The Pierre Auger Collaboration} and A. Aab and P. Abreu and M. Aglietta and {Al Samarai}, I. and Albuquerque, {I. F.M.} and I. Allekotte and A. Almela and Castillo, {J. Alvarez} and J. Alvarez-Mu{\~n}iz and Anastasi, {G. A.} and L. Anchordoqui and B. Andrada and S. Andringa and C. Aramo and F. Arqueros and N. Arsene and H. Asorey and P. Assis and J. Aublin and G. Avila and Badescu, {A. M.} and A. Balaceanu and F. Barbato and Luz, {R. J.Barreira} and Beatty, {J. J.} and Becker, {K. H.} and Bellido, {J. A.} and C. Berat and Bertaina, {M. E.} and X. Bertou and Biermann, {P. L.} and P. Billoir and J. Biteau and Blaess, {S. G.} and A. Blanco and J. Blazek and C. Bleve and M. Boh{\'a}cov{\'a} and D. Boncioli and C. Bonifazi and N. Borodai and Botti, {A. M.} and J. Brack and I. Brancus and T. Bretz and A. Bridgeman and Briechle, {F. L.} and P. Buchholz and S. Coutu and M. Mostaf{\'a}",
note = "Funding Information: The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malarg{\"u}e. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Argentina — Comisi{\'o}n Nacional de Energ{\'i}a At{\'o}mica; Agencia Nacional de Promoci{\'o}n Cient{\'i}fica y Tecnol{\'o}gica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient{\'i}ficas y T{\'e}cnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malarg{\"u}e; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Le{\~n}as; in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia — the Australian Research Council; Brazil — Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient{\'i}fico e Tecnol{\'o}gico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Funda{\c c}{\~a}o de Amparo {\`a} Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); S{\~a}o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants No. 2010/07359-6 and No. 1999/05404-3; Minist{\'e}rio de Ci{\^e}ncia e Tecnologia (MCT); Czech Republic — Grant No. MSMT CR LG15014, LO1305 and LM2015038 and the Czech Science Foundation Grant No. 14-17501S; France — Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil R{\'e}gional Ile-de-France; D{\'e}partement Physique Nucl{\'e}aire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); D{\'e}partement Sciences de l{\textquoteright}Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) Grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investisse-ments d{\textquoteright}Avenir Programme Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany — Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzminis-terium Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium f{\"u}r Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium f{\"u}r Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg; Italy — Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell{\textquoteright}Istruzione, dell{\textquoteright}Universit{\`a} e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); Mexico — Consejo Na-cional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'i}a (CONACYT) No. 167733; Universidad Nacional Aut{\'o}noma de M{\'e}xico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; The Netherlands — Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cul-tuur en Wetenschap; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO); Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM); Poland — National Centre for Research and Development, Grants No. ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 and No. ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11; National Science Centre, Grants No. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, No. 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 and No. HARMONIA 5 – 2013/10/M/ST9/00062; Portugal — Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Funda{\c c}{\~a}o para a Ci{\^e}ncia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania — Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS; CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects Grants No. 20/2012 and No. 194/2012 and PN 16 42 01 02; Slovenia — Slovenian Research Agency; Spain — Comunidad de Madrid; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds; Ministerio de Econom{\'i}a y Competitividad; Xunta de Galicia; European Community 7th Framework Program Grant No. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826; U.S.A. — Department of Energy, Contracts No. DE-AC02-07CH11359, No. DE-FR02-04ER41300, No. DE-FG02-99ER41107 and No. DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696; The Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant No. PIRSES-2009-GA-246806; Funding Information: European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant No. 646623); and UNESCO.",
year = "2017",
month = oct,
doi = "10.1088/1748-0221/12/10/T10005",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "12",
journal = "Journal of Instrumentation",
issn = "1748-0221",
publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",
number = "10",
}