Dense 3-D fractal tree structures as miniature end-loaded dipole antennas

Fractal tree structures can be exploited in antenna designs to produce multiband characteristics or to achieve miniaturization. Recently, a set of dipole antennas that use fractal tree structures as end loads to achieve a resonant frequency lower than standard dipole of comparable length was investigated. This paper discusses ways to improve antenna miniaturization techniques that employ fractal tree geometries as end loads by increasing the density of branches.