@article{6209ccd09b7a4e4d847e39c711b8619f,
title = "Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers",
abstract = "We present a comprehensive analysis of electronic recoil vs nuclear recoil discrimination in liquid/gas xenon time projection chambers, using calibration data from the 2013 and 2014-2016 runs of the Large Underground Xenon experiment. We observe strong charge-to-light discrimination enhancement with increased event energy. For events with S1=120 detected photons, i.e., equivalent to a nuclear recoil energy of ∼100 keV, we observe an electronic recoil background acceptance of <10-5 at a nuclear recoil signal acceptance of 50%. We also observe modest electric field dependence of the discrimination power, which peaks at a field of around 300 V/cm over the range of fields explored in this study (50-500 V/cm). In the weakly interacting massive particle search region of S1=1-80 phd, the minimum electronic recoil leakage we observe is (7.3±0.6)×10-4, which is obtained for a drift field of 240-290 V/cm. Pulse shape discrimination is utilized to improve our results, and we find that, at low energies and low fields, there is an additional reduction in background leakage by a factor of up to 3. We develop an empirical model for recombination fluctuations which, when used alongside the Noble Element Scintillation Technique simulation package, correctly reproduces the skewness of the electronic recoil data. We use this updated simulation to study the width of the electronic recoil band, finding that its dominant contribution comes from electron-ion recombination fluctuations, followed in magnitude of contribution by fluctuations in the S1 signal, fluctuations in the S2 signal, and fluctuations in the total number of quanta produced for a given energy deposition.",
author = "Akerib, {D. S.} and S. Alsum and Ara{\'u}jo, {H. M.} and X. Bai and J. Balajthy and A. Baxter and Bernard, {E. P.} and A. Bernstein and Biesiadzinski, {T. P.} and Boulton, {E. M.} and B. Boxer and P. Br{\'a}s and S. Burdin and D. Byram and Carmona-Benitez, {M. C.} and C. Chan and Cutter, {J. E.} and {De Viveiros}, L. and E. Druszkiewicz and A. Fan and S. Fiorucci and Gaitskell, {R. J.} and C. Ghag and Gilchriese, {M. G.D.} and C. Gwilliam and Hall, {C. R.} and Haselschwardt, {S. J.} and Hertel, {S. A.} and Hogan, {D. P.} and M. Horn and Huang, {D. Q.} and Ignarra, {C. M.} and Jacobsen, {R. G.} and O. Jahangir and W. Ji and K. Kamdin and K. Kazkaz and D. Khaitan and Korolkova, {E. V.} and S. Kravitz and Kudryavtsev, {V. A.} and E. Leason and Lenardo, {B. G.} and Lesko, {K. T.} and J. Liao and J. Lin and A. Lindote and Lopes, {M. I.} and A. Manalaysay and Mannino, {R. L.} and N. Marangou and McKinsey, {D. N.} and Mei, {D. M.} and M. Moongweluwan and Morad, {J. A.} and Murphy, {A. St J.} and A. Naylor and C. Nehrkorn and Nelson, {H. N.} and F. Neves and A. Nilima and Oliver-Mallory, {K. C.} and Palladino, {K. J.} and Pease, {E. K.} and Q. Riffard and Rischbieter, {G. R.C.} and C. Rhyne and P. Rossiter and S. Shaw and Shutt, {T. A.} and C. Silva and M. Solmaz and Solovov, {V. N.} and P. Sorensen and Sumner, {T. J.} and M. Szydagis and Taylor, {D. J.} and R. Taylor and Taylor, {W. C.} and Tennyson, {B. P.} and Terman, {P. A.} and Tiedt, {D. R.} and To, {W. H.} and L. Tvrznikova and U. Utku and S. Uvarov and A. Vacheret and V. Velan and Webb, {R. C.} and White, {J. T.} and Whitis, {T. J.} and Witherell, {M. S.} and Wolfs, {F. L.H.} and D. Woodward and J. Xu and C. Zhang",
note = "Funding Information: This work was partially supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Awards No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, No. DE-AC05-06OR23100, No. DE-AC52-07NA27344, No. DE-FG01-91ER40618, No. DE-FG02-08ER41549, No. DE-FG02-11ER41738, No. DE-FG02-91ER40674, No. DE-FG02-91ER40688, No. DE-FG02-95ER40917, No. DE-NA0000979, No. DE-SC0006605, No. DE-SC0010010, No. DE-SC0015535, and No. DE-SC0019066; the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grants No. PHY-0750671, No. PHY-0801536, No. PHY-1003660, No. PHY-1004661, No. PHY-1102470, No. PHY-1312561, No. PHY-1347449, No. PHY-1505868, and No. PHY-1636738; the Research Corporation Grant No. RA0350; the Center for Ultra-low Background Experiments in the Dakotas; and the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Laborat{\'o}rio de Instrumenta{\c c}ao e F{\'i}sica Experimental de Part{\'i}culas-Coimbra acknowledges funding from Funda{\c c}ao para a Ci{\^e}ncia e a Tecnologia through the Project-Grant No. PTDC/FIS-NUC/1525/2014. Imperial College and Brown University thank the UK Royal Society for travel funds under the International Exchange Scheme (IE120804). The UK groups acknowledge institutional support from Imperial College London, University College London, and Edinburgh University, and from the Science and Technology Facilities Council for PhD studentships R504737 (E.L.), M126369B (N.M.), P006795 (A.N.), T93036D (R.T.), and N50449X (U.U.). This work was partially enabled by the University College London Cosmoparticle Initiative. The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with Registration No. SC005336. This research was conducted using computational resources and services at the Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, and also the Yale Science Research Software Core. We gratefully acknowledge the logistical and technical support and the access to laboratory infrastructure provided to us by SURF and its personnel at Lead, South Dakota. SURF was developed by the South Dakota Science and Technology Authority, with an important philanthropic donation from T. Denny Sanford. SURF is a federally sponsored research facility under Award No. DE-SC0020216. Funding Information: This work was partially supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Awards No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, No. DE-AC05-06OR23100, No. DE-AC52-07NA27344, No. DE-FG01-91ER40618, No. DE-FG02-08ER41549, No. DE-FG02-11ER41738, No. DE-FG02-91ER40674, No. DE-FG02-91ER40688, No. DE-FG02-95ER40917, No. DE-NA0000979, No. DE-SC0006605, No. DE-SC0010010, No. DE-SC0015535, and No. DE-SC0019066; the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grants No. PHY-0750671, No. PHY-0801536, No. PHY-1003660, No. PHY-1004661, No. PHY-1102470, No. PHY-1312561, No. PHY-1347449, No. PHY-1505868, and No. PHY-1636738; the Research Corporation Grant No. RA0350; the Center for Ultra-low Background Experiments in the Dakotas; and the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Laborat{\'o}rio de Instrumenta{\c c}{\~a}o e F{\'i}sica Experimental de Part{\'i}culas-Coimbra acknowledges funding from Funda{\c c}{\~a}o para a Ci{\^e}ncia e a Tecnologia through the Project-Grant No. PTDC/FIS-NUC/1525/2014. Imperial College and Brown University thank the UK Royal Society for travel funds under the International Exchange Scheme (IE120804). The UK groups acknowledge institutional support from Imperial College London, University College London, and Edinburgh University, and from the Science and Technology Facilities Council for PhD studentships R504737 (E. L.), M126369B (N. M.), P006795 (A. N.), T93036D (R. T.), and N50449X (U. U.). This work was partially enabled by the University College London Cosmoparticle Initiative. The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with Registration No. SC005336. This research was conducted using computational resources and services at the Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, and also the Yale Science Research Software Core. We gratefully acknowledge the logistical and technical support and the access to laboratory infrastructure provided to us by SURF and its personnel at Lead, South Dakota. SURF was developed by the South Dakota Science and Technology Authority, with an important philanthropic donation from T. Denny Sanford. SURF is a federally sponsored research facility under Award No. DE-SC0020216. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 American Physical Society.",
year = "2020",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1103/PhysRevD.102.112002",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "102",
journal = "Physical Review D",
issn = "2470-0010",
publisher = "American Physical Society",
number = "11",
}