@article{bc1e31dc44754fc99a8a9c3ae3586c7d,
title = "Ecological correlates of the spatial co-occurrence of sympatric mammalian carnivores worldwide",
abstract = "The composition of local mammalian carnivore communities has far-reaching effects on terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. To better understand how carnivore communities are structured, we analysed camera trap data for 108 087 trap days across 12 countries spanning five continents. We estimate local probabilities of co-occurrence among 768 species pairs from the order Carnivora and evaluate how shared ecological traits correlate with probabilities of co-occurrence. Within individual study areas, species pairs co-occurred more frequently than expected at random. Co-occurrence probabilities were greatest for species pairs that shared ecological traits including similar body size, temporal activity pattern and diet. However, co-occurrence decreased as compared to other species pairs when the pair included a large-bodied carnivore. Our results suggest that a combination of shared traits and top-down regulation by large carnivores shape local carnivore communities globally.",
author = "Davis, {Courtney L.} and Lindsey N Rich and Farris, {Zach J.} and Kelly, {Marcella J.} and {Di Bitetti}, {Mario S.} and Blanco, {Yamil Di} and Sebastian Albanesi and Mohammad S Farhadinia and Navid Gholikhani and Sandra Hamel and Harmsen, {Bart J.} and Claudia Wultsch and Kane, {Mamadou D.} and Quinton Martins and Murphy, {Asia J.} and Robin Steenweg and Sunarto Sunarto and Atieh Taktehrani and Kanchan Thapa and Tucker, {Jody M.} and Jesse Whittington and Widodo, {Febri A.} and Yoccoz, {Nigel G.} and Miller, {David A.W.}",
note = "Funding Information: 11Future4Leopards Foundation, No.4, Nour 2, Mahallati, Tehran, Iran 12Iranian Cheetah Society, PO Box 14155-8549, Tehran, Iran 13Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms{\o}, Norway 14Panthera,New York, NY 10018, USA 15University of Belize, Environmental Research Institute (ERI), Price Centre Road, PO box 340, Belmopan, Belize 16Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA 17Senegalese National Parks Directorate, Dakar, Senegal 18The Cape Leopard Trust, Cape Town, South Africa 19Audubon Canyon Ranch, PO Box 1195,Glen Ellen, CA, USA 20Species at Risk, Resource Management, Alberta Environment and Parks, Grande Prairie, AB, Canada 21World Wildlife Fund, Jakarta, Indonesia 22World Wildlife Fund, Conservation Science Unit, Baluwatar, Nepal 23U.S. Forest Service, Sequoia National Forest, Porterville, CA 93257, USA 24Parks Canada, Banff National Park Resource Conservation, Banff, AB, Canada *Correspondence: E-mail: cld303@psu.edu Funding Information: University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 2Intercollege Degree Program in Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 3Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 4Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA 5Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA 6Instituto de Biologıa Subtropical (IBS) – nodo Iguazu, Universidad Nacional de Misiones and CONICET, Bertoni 85, 3370 Puerto Iguazu, Misiones, Argentina 7Asociacion Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlantico (CeIBA), Bertoni 85, 3370 Puerto Iguazu, Misiones, Argentina 8Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 124, 3380 Eldorado, Misiones, Argentina 9Fundacion ProYungas, Peru 1180, (4107), Yerba BuenaTucuman, Argentina 10Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK Funding Information: We thank the Ministry of the Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, and the Botswana Predator Conservation Trust for permission to conduct the study in Botswana; the Ministry of Environment, Water, Forest and Tourism and Wildlife Conservation Society in Madagascar; the Department of National Parks and United States Agency for International Development/Wula Nafaa Project in Senegal; and The Cederberg Conservancy and CapeNature in South Africa for permission and/or supporting the research in Africa. We thank Parks Canada staff and volunteers for collecting data in Canada, the US Forest Service for financing and collecting data in the USA along with volunteers from the Student Conservation Association, and the Belize Forest Department, Belize Audubon Society, Programme for Belize, Las Cuevas Research Station, Bull Run Farm, Gallon Jug Estate, and Yalbac Ranch and Cattle Company for permission and support in conducting research in Belize. Funding for camera trap surveys in Canada was provided in part by NSF LTREB Grant 1556248. We thank the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Misiones, the National Park Administration of Argentina, Ledesma S.A. and Arauco SA for permissions and support to conduct camera trap surveys. We thank the Iran Department of Environment for permission to work within the reserves in Iran, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation in Nepal for permission to conduct surveys in Chitwan National Park, and in Indonesia, WWF Networks, US Fish & Wildlife Service and the Hurvis Family for financially supporting the research, the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry for permission to conduct the study, and the WWF Team for their support. We also thank the Directorate for Nature Management and The Norwegian Research Council for financing camera trap surveys in Norway.",
year = "2018",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1111/ele.13124",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "21",
pages = "1401--1412",
journal = "Ecology Letters",
issn = "1461-023X",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "9",
}