Effect of inter-layer dwell time on distortion and residual stress in additive manufacturing of titanium and nickel alloys

Erik R. Denlinger; Jarred C. Heigel; Pan Michaleris; T. A. Palmer

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.07.030

Effect of inter-layer dwell time on distortion and residual stress in additive manufacturing of titanium and nickel alloys

Erik R. Denlinger, Jarred C. Heigel, Pan Michaleris, T. A. Palmer

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

288 Scopus citations

Abstract

In situ measurements of the accumulation of distortion during additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium and nickel base alloys are made as a function of changes in dwell time between the deposition of individual layers. The inclusion of dwell times between individual layers to allow for additional cooling during the deposition process is a common technique utilized in AM processes. Experimental observations made here in Inconel^® 625 laser deposited builds show that the accumulation of distortion occurs with a consistent trend over the course of the builds and both distortion and residual stress levels decrease with increasing dwell times from 0 to 40 s. On the other hand, changes in dwell time for the Ti-6Al-4V laser deposited builds have a significant impact on the accumulation of distortion, with shorter and no dwell times minimizing the distortion accumulation and even reducing it over a range of build heights. These shorter dwell times also produce builds with significantly lower residual stress and distortion levels, particularly when no dwell time is applied. Based on these results, the materials to be deposited should be considered when developing appropriate path planning schedules.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	123-131
Number of pages	9
Journal	Journal of Materials Processing Technology
Volume	215
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.07.030
State	Published - Jan 2015

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Ceramics and Composites
Computer Science Applications
Metals and Alloys
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

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10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.07.030

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title = "Effect of inter-layer dwell time on distortion and residual stress in additive manufacturing of titanium and nickel alloys",

abstract = "In situ measurements of the accumulation of distortion during additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium and nickel base alloys are made as a function of changes in dwell time between the deposition of individual layers. The inclusion of dwell times between individual layers to allow for additional cooling during the deposition process is a common technique utilized in AM processes. Experimental observations made here in Inconel{\textregistered} 625 laser deposited builds show that the accumulation of distortion occurs with a consistent trend over the course of the builds and both distortion and residual stress levels decrease with increasing dwell times from 0 to 40 s. On the other hand, changes in dwell time for the Ti-6Al-4V laser deposited builds have a significant impact on the accumulation of distortion, with shorter and no dwell times minimizing the distortion accumulation and even reducing it over a range of build heights. These shorter dwell times also produce builds with significantly lower residual stress and distortion levels, particularly when no dwell time is applied. Based on these results, the materials to be deposited should be considered when developing appropriate path planning schedules.",

author = "Denlinger, {Erik R.} and Heigel, {Jarred C.} and Pan Michaleris and Palmer, {T. A.}",

note = "Funding Information: This work was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, ONR , under grant/contract number N00024-12-D-6404 Delivery Order 0001. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the Office of Naval Research, or the U.S. government. Jarred Heigel contributed into this work under funding from NSF Grant No. DGE1255832 . Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals in the Laser Processing Division at the Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State. Mr. Jay Tressler and Mr. Griffin Jones prepared the deposition systems and performed the experiments, and Mr. Ed Good provided metallographic and sample preparation support.",

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AU - Denlinger, Erik R.

AU - Heigel, Jarred C.

AU - Michaleris, Pan

AU - Palmer, T. A.

N1 - Funding Information: This work was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, ONR , under grant/contract number N00024-12-D-6404 Delivery Order 0001. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the Office of Naval Research, or the U.S. government. Jarred Heigel contributed into this work under funding from NSF Grant No. DGE1255832 . Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals in the Laser Processing Division at the Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State. Mr. Jay Tressler and Mr. Griffin Jones prepared the deposition systems and performed the experiments, and Mr. Ed Good provided metallographic and sample preparation support.

PY - 2015/1

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N2 - In situ measurements of the accumulation of distortion during additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium and nickel base alloys are made as a function of changes in dwell time between the deposition of individual layers. The inclusion of dwell times between individual layers to allow for additional cooling during the deposition process is a common technique utilized in AM processes. Experimental observations made here in Inconel® 625 laser deposited builds show that the accumulation of distortion occurs with a consistent trend over the course of the builds and both distortion and residual stress levels decrease with increasing dwell times from 0 to 40 s. On the other hand, changes in dwell time for the Ti-6Al-4V laser deposited builds have a significant impact on the accumulation of distortion, with shorter and no dwell times minimizing the distortion accumulation and even reducing it over a range of build heights. These shorter dwell times also produce builds with significantly lower residual stress and distortion levels, particularly when no dwell time is applied. Based on these results, the materials to be deposited should be considered when developing appropriate path planning schedules.

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Effect of inter-layer dwell time on distortion and residual stress in additive manufacturing of titanium and nickel alloys

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