TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of dark chocolate and almonds on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals
T2 - A randomized controlled-feeding trial
AU - Lee, Yujin
AU - Berryman, Claire E.
AU - West, Sheila G.
AU - Chen, C. Y.Oliver
AU - Blumberg, Jeffrey B.
AU - Lapsley, Karen G.
AU - Preston, Amy G.
AU - Fleming, Jennifer A.
AU - Kris-Etherton, Penny M.
N1 - Funding Information:
Lee, Berryman, West, Chen, Blumberg, Fleming, and Kris-Etherton received funding from The Hershey Company and the Almond Board of California for the research reported in this article. Preston and Lapsley are employees of The Hershey Company and The Almond Board of California, respectively. Lee and Berryman received travel funds from The Hershey Company and the Almond Board of California for giving presentations on this research. The funders had no role in data collection and analysis.
Funding Information:
This study was funded by The Hershey Company and the Almond Board of California. Also, this is was supported by the Penn State Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University Clinical and Translational Science Award, and NIH/National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences grant no. UL1TR000127.
Funding Information:
We thank our study participants for their dedication to this study. We also thank staff at The Penn State Metabolic Diet Study Center for meal preparation. We acknowledge staff nurses at The Penn State Clinical Research Center for their collaboration. Kris-Etherton, Berryman, West, Blumberg, Lapsley, Preston, and Fleming designed research. Lee and Berryman conducted research. Chen ran assays for assured quality control for the analyses. Lee analyzed data and wrote the article. Kris-Etherton had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final article. This study was funded by The Hershey Company and the Almond Board of California. Also, this is was supported by the Penn State Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University Clinical and Translational Science Award, and NIH/National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences grant no. UL1TR000127.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 The Authors.
PY - 2017/12/1
Y1 - 2017/12/1
N2 - Background--Consumption of almonds or dark chocolate and cocoa has favorable effects on markers of coronary heart disease; however, the combined effects have not been evaluated in a well-controlled feeding study. The aim of this study was to examine the individual and combined effects of consumption of dark chocolate and cocoa and almonds on markers of coronary heart disease risk. Methods and Results--A randomized controlled, 4-period, crossover, feeding trial was conducted in overweight and obese individuals aged 30 to 70 years. Forty-eight participants were randomized, and 31 participants completed the entire study. Each diet period was 4 weeks long, followed by a 2-week compliance break. Participants consumed each of 4 isocaloric, weight maintenance diets: (1) no treatment foods (average American diet), (2) 42.5 g/d of almonds (almond diet [ALD]), (3) 18 g/d of cocoa powder and 43 g/d of dark chocolate (chocolate diet [CHOC]), or (4) all 3 foods (CHOC+ALD). Compared with the average American diet, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after the ALD were lower by 4%, 5%, and 7%, respectively (P < 0.05). The CHOC+ALD decreased apolipoprotein B by 5% compared with the average American diet. For low-density lipoprotein subclasses, compared with the average American diet, the ALD showed a greater reduction in large buoyant low-density lipoprotein particles (-5.7±2.3 versus -0.3±2.3 mg/ dL; P=0.04), whereas the CHOC+ALD had a greater decrease in small dense low-density lipoprotein particles (-12.0±2.8 versus -5.3±2.8 mg/dL; P=0.04). There were no significant differences between diets for measures of vascular health and oxidative stress. Conclusions--Our results demonstrate that consumption of almonds alone or combined with dark chocolate under controlledfeeding conditions improves lipid profiles. Incorporating almonds, dark chocolate, and cocoa into a typical American diet without exceeding energy needs may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
AB - Background--Consumption of almonds or dark chocolate and cocoa has favorable effects on markers of coronary heart disease; however, the combined effects have not been evaluated in a well-controlled feeding study. The aim of this study was to examine the individual and combined effects of consumption of dark chocolate and cocoa and almonds on markers of coronary heart disease risk. Methods and Results--A randomized controlled, 4-period, crossover, feeding trial was conducted in overweight and obese individuals aged 30 to 70 years. Forty-eight participants were randomized, and 31 participants completed the entire study. Each diet period was 4 weeks long, followed by a 2-week compliance break. Participants consumed each of 4 isocaloric, weight maintenance diets: (1) no treatment foods (average American diet), (2) 42.5 g/d of almonds (almond diet [ALD]), (3) 18 g/d of cocoa powder and 43 g/d of dark chocolate (chocolate diet [CHOC]), or (4) all 3 foods (CHOC+ALD). Compared with the average American diet, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after the ALD were lower by 4%, 5%, and 7%, respectively (P < 0.05). The CHOC+ALD decreased apolipoprotein B by 5% compared with the average American diet. For low-density lipoprotein subclasses, compared with the average American diet, the ALD showed a greater reduction in large buoyant low-density lipoprotein particles (-5.7±2.3 versus -0.3±2.3 mg/ dL; P=0.04), whereas the CHOC+ALD had a greater decrease in small dense low-density lipoprotein particles (-12.0±2.8 versus -5.3±2.8 mg/dL; P=0.04). There were no significant differences between diets for measures of vascular health and oxidative stress. Conclusions--Our results demonstrate that consumption of almonds alone or combined with dark chocolate under controlledfeeding conditions improves lipid profiles. Incorporating almonds, dark chocolate, and cocoa into a typical American diet without exceeding energy needs may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
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U2 - 10.1161/JAHA.116.005162
DO - 10.1161/JAHA.116.005162
M3 - Article
C2 - 29187388
AN - SCOPUS:85038813217
SN - 2047-9980
VL - 6
JO - Journal of the American Heart Association
JF - Journal of the American Heart Association
IS - 12
M1 - e005162
ER -