TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of dilution sampling on fine particle emissions from pulverized coal combustion
AU - Lipsky, Eric M.
AU - Pekney, Natalie J.
AU - Walbert, Gary F.
AU - O'Dowd, William J.
AU - Freeman, Mark C.
AU - Robinson, Allen
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under the University Coal Research Program, Grant # DE-FG2699-FT40583. The authors would like to thank Satoshi Takahama, Sarah Rees, Tim Raymond, Charles Stanier, and Cem Cenker for their assistance with the sampling.
PY - 2004/6
Y1 - 2004/6
N2 - A dilution sampler was used to examine the effects of dilution ratio and residence time on fine-particle emissions from a pilot-scale pulverized coal combustor. Measurements include the particle size distribution from 0.003 to 2.5 μm, PM2.5 mass, and PM2.5 composition (OC/EC, major ions, and elemental). Heated filter samples were also collected simultaneously at stack temperatures in order to compare the dilution sampler measurements with standard stack sampling methodologies. Measurements were made both before and after the bag house, the particle control device used on the coal combustor, and while firing three different coal types and one coal-biomass blend. The PM 2.5 mass emission rates measured using the dilution sampler agreed to within experimental uncertainty with those measured with the hot-filter sampler. Relative to the heated filter sample, dilution did increase the PM 2.5 mass fraction of selenium for all fuels tested, as well as ammonium and sulfate for selected fuels. However, the additional particulate mass created by gas-to-particle conversion of these species is within the uncertainty of the gravimetric analysis used to determine the overall mass emission rate. The enrichment of PM2.5 selenium caused by dilution did not vary with dilution ratio and residence time. The enrichment of PM 2.5 sulfate and ammonium varied with fuel composition and dilution ratio but not residence time. For example, ammonium was only enriched in diluted acidic aerosol samples. A comparison of the PM2.5 emission profiles for each of the fuels tested underscores how differences in PM2.5 composition are related to the fuel ash composition. When sampling after the bag house, the particle size distribution and total particle number emission rate did not depend on residence time and dilution ratio because of the much lower particle number concentrations in diluted sample and the absence of nucleation. These results provide new insight into the effects of dilution sampling on measurements of fine particle emissions, providing important data for the ongoing effort of the EPA and ASTM to define a standardized dilution sampling methodology for characterizing emissions from stationary combustion sources.
AB - A dilution sampler was used to examine the effects of dilution ratio and residence time on fine-particle emissions from a pilot-scale pulverized coal combustor. Measurements include the particle size distribution from 0.003 to 2.5 μm, PM2.5 mass, and PM2.5 composition (OC/EC, major ions, and elemental). Heated filter samples were also collected simultaneously at stack temperatures in order to compare the dilution sampler measurements with standard stack sampling methodologies. Measurements were made both before and after the bag house, the particle control device used on the coal combustor, and while firing three different coal types and one coal-biomass blend. The PM 2.5 mass emission rates measured using the dilution sampler agreed to within experimental uncertainty with those measured with the hot-filter sampler. Relative to the heated filter sample, dilution did increase the PM 2.5 mass fraction of selenium for all fuels tested, as well as ammonium and sulfate for selected fuels. However, the additional particulate mass created by gas-to-particle conversion of these species is within the uncertainty of the gravimetric analysis used to determine the overall mass emission rate. The enrichment of PM2.5 selenium caused by dilution did not vary with dilution ratio and residence time. The enrichment of PM 2.5 sulfate and ammonium varied with fuel composition and dilution ratio but not residence time. For example, ammonium was only enriched in diluted acidic aerosol samples. A comparison of the PM2.5 emission profiles for each of the fuels tested underscores how differences in PM2.5 composition are related to the fuel ash composition. When sampling after the bag house, the particle size distribution and total particle number emission rate did not depend on residence time and dilution ratio because of the much lower particle number concentrations in diluted sample and the absence of nucleation. These results provide new insight into the effects of dilution sampling on measurements of fine particle emissions, providing important data for the ongoing effort of the EPA and ASTM to define a standardized dilution sampling methodology for characterizing emissions from stationary combustion sources.
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U2 - 10.1080/02786820490479851
DO - 10.1080/02786820490479851
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:3843073483
SN - 0278-6826
VL - 38
SP - 574
EP - 587
JO - Aerosol Science and Technology
JF - Aerosol Science and Technology
IS - 6
ER -