TY - GEN
T1 - Evaluation of ice adhesion strength on erosion resistant materials
AU - Soltis, Jared
AU - Palacios, Jose
AU - Eden, Timothy
AU - Wolfe, Douglas
N1 - Funding Information:
This project was funded by NASA Leading Edge Aeronautics Research Grant Number NNX13AB78A and the Vertical Lift Consortium, formerly the Center for Rotorcraft Innovation and the National Rotorcraft Technology Center (NRTC), U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) under Technology Investment Agreement W911W6-06-2-0002, entitled National Rotorcraft Technology Center Research Program. The authors would like to acknowledge that this research and development was accomplished with the support and guidance of NASA, NRTC and VLC. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the AMRDEC or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Government purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon.
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - Coating systems based on titanium nitride (TiN) applied via cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CA-PVD) were developed for rotorcraft erosion caps to protect against sand and rain erosion. Erosion resistant materials must also be compatible with ice protection systems. The ice adhesion strength performance of titanium nitride and titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) are evaluated experimentally and compared to the ice adhesion strength of uncoated metallic materials currently used on rotor blade leading edge caps: stainless steel 430, Inconel 625, and titanium grade 2. Experimental studies presented in this paper investigate which environmental and material parameters are most influential on impact ice adhesion strength. The effects of median volumetric diameter, liquid water content, ambient temperature, surface roughness, and material grain direction were tested on stainless steel 430. Tests revealed that surface roughness and temperature have the greatest effect on ice adhesion strength. There was an increase in adhesion strength of 600% from -8°C to -16°C and 246% increase from 24 Ra μin to 105 Ra μin. An increase in water droplet size from 20 μm to 40 μm decreased the ice adhesion strength by 52%. The adhesion strength increased 14% when shear forces were applied 90° with respect to the grain direction as compared to a 0° loading configuration. While inside the Federal Aviation Regulation Part 25 and Part 29 Appendix C icing envelop for liquid water content, an increase from 0.5 to 2 g/m^3 had a 2% reduction in ice adhesion strength. A test matrix to evaluate ice adhesion strength of erosion resistant materials was developed, investigating the effects of temperature and coating surface roughness. An empirical extrapolation method to predict ice adhesion strength with varying temperature is presented and validated on metallic materials. The average ice adhesion strength over the tested conditions for the nitride-based coatings was 72% higher than the uncoated metallic materials. Titanium aluminum nitride has the highest average adhesion strength of 58.7 psi and titanium grade 2 has the lowest with 26 psi over all of the test conditions.
AB - Coating systems based on titanium nitride (TiN) applied via cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CA-PVD) were developed for rotorcraft erosion caps to protect against sand and rain erosion. Erosion resistant materials must also be compatible with ice protection systems. The ice adhesion strength performance of titanium nitride and titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) are evaluated experimentally and compared to the ice adhesion strength of uncoated metallic materials currently used on rotor blade leading edge caps: stainless steel 430, Inconel 625, and titanium grade 2. Experimental studies presented in this paper investigate which environmental and material parameters are most influential on impact ice adhesion strength. The effects of median volumetric diameter, liquid water content, ambient temperature, surface roughness, and material grain direction were tested on stainless steel 430. Tests revealed that surface roughness and temperature have the greatest effect on ice adhesion strength. There was an increase in adhesion strength of 600% from -8°C to -16°C and 246% increase from 24 Ra μin to 105 Ra μin. An increase in water droplet size from 20 μm to 40 μm decreased the ice adhesion strength by 52%. The adhesion strength increased 14% when shear forces were applied 90° with respect to the grain direction as compared to a 0° loading configuration. While inside the Federal Aviation Regulation Part 25 and Part 29 Appendix C icing envelop for liquid water content, an increase from 0.5 to 2 g/m^3 had a 2% reduction in ice adhesion strength. A test matrix to evaluate ice adhesion strength of erosion resistant materials was developed, investigating the effects of temperature and coating surface roughness. An empirical extrapolation method to predict ice adhesion strength with varying temperature is presented and validated on metallic materials. The average ice adhesion strength over the tested conditions for the nitride-based coatings was 72% higher than the uncoated metallic materials. Titanium aluminum nitride has the highest average adhesion strength of 58.7 psi and titanium grade 2 has the lowest with 26 psi over all of the test conditions.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84880796256&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84880796256&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2514/6.2013-1509
DO - 10.2514/6.2013-1509
M3 - Conference contribution
AN - SCOPUS:84880796256
SN - 9781624102233
T3 - 54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
BT - 54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference
T2 - 54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference
Y2 - 8 April 2013 through 11 April 2013
ER -