TY - JOUR
T1 - Evidence for indirect effects of pesticide seed treatments on weed seed banks in maize and soybean
AU - Smith, Richard G.
AU - Atwood, Lesley W.
AU - Morris, Matthew B.
AU - Mortensen, David A.
AU - Koide, Roger T.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by USDA-NIFA-AFRI Grant 2011-67003-30343. Additional support was provided by a Northeast SARE Graduate Student Grant (LWA) and an Undergraduate Research Award from the Weed Science Society of America (MBM). Partial funding was provided by the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. This is Scientific Contribution Number 2611. This work was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 229253.
Publisher Copyright:
� 2015 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2016/1/15
Y1 - 2016/1/15
N2 - Use of pesticide seed treatments (coating seeds with insecticides and/or fungicides) is a common practice in conventional maize and soybean production. Despite their widespread use, however, little is known about how this practice affects soil food webs and their associated ecosystem services. We conducted a two-year field experiment in central Pennsylvania, USA in which identical genotypes of maize (2013) and soybean (2014) were planted with and without pesticide seed treatments in a completely randomized design with five replications. We sampled the weed seed bank during both the corn (fall 2013) and soybean (summer 2014) phases of the rotation. After each sampling event, soil samples were transported to a temperature-controlled greenhouse facility and weed seed bank composition and density was assessed over a period of four months via the direct germination method. Seed bank data were analyzed with ANOVA and several multivariate techniques to determine the effect of pesticide seed treatments on seed bank density, diversity, and species composition. We hypothesized that pesticide seed treatments reduce the abundance of natural enemies (e.g., soil-dwelling seed predators and pathogens) that damage or destroy weed seeds in the soil, and therefore seed banks in treated plots would be larger and less diverse than those in untreated plots. In accordance with our hypothesis, weed seed banks were significantly less diverse in treated compared to untreated control plots (Shannon and Simpson's indices of diversity, p<. 0.05). While not statistically significant, differences in mean germinable weed seed bank density, richness, and evenness were also in the direction that we hypothesized. These data provide the first evidence that we are aware of that weed seed banks, and hence weed populations, may be indirectly affected by pesticide seed treatments. Additional research will be necessary to determine the generality of these responses and their underlying mechanisms.
AB - Use of pesticide seed treatments (coating seeds with insecticides and/or fungicides) is a common practice in conventional maize and soybean production. Despite their widespread use, however, little is known about how this practice affects soil food webs and their associated ecosystem services. We conducted a two-year field experiment in central Pennsylvania, USA in which identical genotypes of maize (2013) and soybean (2014) were planted with and without pesticide seed treatments in a completely randomized design with five replications. We sampled the weed seed bank during both the corn (fall 2013) and soybean (summer 2014) phases of the rotation. After each sampling event, soil samples were transported to a temperature-controlled greenhouse facility and weed seed bank composition and density was assessed over a period of four months via the direct germination method. Seed bank data were analyzed with ANOVA and several multivariate techniques to determine the effect of pesticide seed treatments on seed bank density, diversity, and species composition. We hypothesized that pesticide seed treatments reduce the abundance of natural enemies (e.g., soil-dwelling seed predators and pathogens) that damage or destroy weed seeds in the soil, and therefore seed banks in treated plots would be larger and less diverse than those in untreated plots. In accordance with our hypothesis, weed seed banks were significantly less diverse in treated compared to untreated control plots (Shannon and Simpson's indices of diversity, p<. 0.05). While not statistically significant, differences in mean germinable weed seed bank density, richness, and evenness were also in the direction that we hypothesized. These data provide the first evidence that we are aware of that weed seed banks, and hence weed populations, may be indirectly affected by pesticide seed treatments. Additional research will be necessary to determine the generality of these responses and their underlying mechanisms.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.agee.2015.10.008
DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2015.10.008
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84945156777
SN - 0167-8809
VL - 216
SP - 269
EP - 273
JO - Agro-Ecosystems
JF - Agro-Ecosystems
ER -