TY - JOUR
T1 - Human Resting Energy Expenditure Varies with Circadian Phase
AU - Zitting, Kirsi Marja
AU - Vujovic, Nina
AU - Yuan, Robin K.
AU - Isherwood, Cheryl M.
AU - Medina, Jacob E.
AU - Wang, Wei
AU - Buxton, Orfeu M.
AU - Williams, Jonathan S.
AU - Czeisler, Charles A.
AU - Duffy, Jeanne F.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the research volunteers for their participation, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Center for Clinical Investigation (CCI) dietary and technical staff, and the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders Chronobiology Core (Arick Wong, John Slingerland, Michael Harris, Julia Boudreau, Alec Rader, John Wise, Divya Mohan, Audra Murphy) for their assistance with data collection. This study was supported by a grant from the National Institute on Aging ( P01 AG009975 ) and was conducted at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Center for Clinical Investigation, part of Harvard Catalyst (Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center) supported by NIH Award UL1 TR001102 and financial contributions from the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and from Harvard University and its affiliated academic health care centers. K.-M.Z. was supported by a fellowship from the Finnish Cultural Foundation . N.V. was supported by NIH fellowships T32HL007901 and F32AG051325 . R.K.Y. was supported by NIH fellowship T32HL007901 . C.M.I. was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute on Aging ( R01 AG044416 ).
Funding Information:
K.-M.Z., N.V., R.K.Y., C.M.I., J.E.M., W.W., J.S.W., and J.F.D. have nothing to disclose. O.M.B. has received subcontracts to Penn State from Mobile Sleep Technologies (National Science Foundation #1622766, National Institutes of Health R43AG056250). C.A.C. has received consulting fees from or served as a paid member of scientific advisory boards for Bose Corporation; Boston Celtics; Boston Red Sox; Cephalon, Inc.; Columbia River Bar Pilots; Ganésco, Inc.; Institute of Digital Media and Child Development; Jazz Pharmaceuticals; Klarman Family Foundation; Koninklijke Philips N.V.; Merck & Co., Inc.; Novartis; Purdue Pharma; Quest Diagnostics, Inc.; Samsung Electronics; Sleep Multimedia, Inc.; Teva Pharmaceuticals; Vanda Pharmaceuticals; Washington State Board of Pilotage Commissioners; and Zurich Insurance Company, Ltd. C.A.C. has also received education/research support from Cephalon, Inc.; Jazz Pharmaceuticals; Mary Ann & Stanley Snider via Combined Jewish Philanthropies; National Football League Charities; Optum; Philips Respironics; ResMed Foundation; San Francisco Bar Pilots; Schneider, Inc.; Simmons; Sysco; and Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The Sleep and Health Education Program of the Harvard Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine (which C.A.C. directs) has received Educational Grant funding from Cephalon, Inc.; Jazz Pharmaceuticals; Takeda Pharmaceuticals; Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries, Ltd.; Sanofi-Aventis, Inc.; Sepracor, Inc.; and Wake Up Narcolepsy. C.A.C. is the incumbent of an endowed professorship provided to Harvard University by Cephalon, Inc. and holds a number of process patents in the field of sleep/circadian rhythms (e.g., photic resetting of the human circadian pacemaker). Since 1985, C.A.C. has also served as an expert on various legal and technical cases related to sleep and/or circadian rhythms including those involving the following commercial entities: Bombardier, Inc.; Complete General Construction Company; Continental Airlines; FedEx; Greyhound; HG Energy LLC; Purdue Pharma, L.P.; South Carolina Central Railroad CO; Stric-Lan Companies LLC; Texas Premier Resource LLC; and United Parcel Service (UPS). C.A.C. owns or owned an equity interest in Somnus Therapeutics, Inc. and Vanda Pharmaceuticals. He received royalties from the New England Journal of Medicine, McGraw Hill, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, and Philips Respironics, Inc. for the Actiwatch-2 and Actiwatch-Spectrum devices. C.A.C.’s interests were reviewed and managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies.
PY - 2018/11/19
Y1 - 2018/11/19
N2 - There is emerging evidence that circadian misalignment may alter energy expenditure, leading to obesity risk among those with irregular schedules [1–5]. It has been reported that energy expenditure is affected by the timing of sleep, exercise, and meals [6]. However, it is unclear whether the circadian system also modulates energy expenditure, independent of behavioral state and food intake. Here, we used a forced desynchrony protocol to examine whether fasted resting energy expenditure (REE) varies with circadian phase in seven participants. This protocol allowed us to uncouple sleep-wake and activity-related effects from the endogenous circadian rhythm, demonstrating that REE varies by circadian phase. REE is lowest at circadian phase ∼0°, corresponding to the endogenous core body temperature (CBT) nadir in the late biological night, and highest at circadian phase ∼180° in the biological afternoon and evening. Furthermore, we found that respiratory quotient (RQ), reflecting macronutrient utilization, also varies by circadian phase. RQ is lowest at circadian phase ∼240° and highest at circadian phase ∼60°, which corresponds to biological morning. This is the first characterization of a circadian profile in fasted resting energy expenditure and fasted respiratory quotient (with rhythmic profiles in both carbohydrate and lipid oxidation), decoupled from effects of activity, sleep-wake cycle, and diet in humans. The rhythm in energy expenditure and macronutrient metabolism may contribute to greater weight gain in shift workers and others with irregular schedules. Zitting et al. demonstrate that resting energy expenditure varies with circadian phase and is lowest in the late biological night. This may contribute to weight gain in people with irregular sleep schedules and highlights the importance of controlling for circadian phase and sleep-wake behavior when assessing energy expenditure.
AB - There is emerging evidence that circadian misalignment may alter energy expenditure, leading to obesity risk among those with irregular schedules [1–5]. It has been reported that energy expenditure is affected by the timing of sleep, exercise, and meals [6]. However, it is unclear whether the circadian system also modulates energy expenditure, independent of behavioral state and food intake. Here, we used a forced desynchrony protocol to examine whether fasted resting energy expenditure (REE) varies with circadian phase in seven participants. This protocol allowed us to uncouple sleep-wake and activity-related effects from the endogenous circadian rhythm, demonstrating that REE varies by circadian phase. REE is lowest at circadian phase ∼0°, corresponding to the endogenous core body temperature (CBT) nadir in the late biological night, and highest at circadian phase ∼180° in the biological afternoon and evening. Furthermore, we found that respiratory quotient (RQ), reflecting macronutrient utilization, also varies by circadian phase. RQ is lowest at circadian phase ∼240° and highest at circadian phase ∼60°, which corresponds to biological morning. This is the first characterization of a circadian profile in fasted resting energy expenditure and fasted respiratory quotient (with rhythmic profiles in both carbohydrate and lipid oxidation), decoupled from effects of activity, sleep-wake cycle, and diet in humans. The rhythm in energy expenditure and macronutrient metabolism may contribute to greater weight gain in shift workers and others with irregular schedules. Zitting et al. demonstrate that resting energy expenditure varies with circadian phase and is lowest in the late biological night. This may contribute to weight gain in people with irregular sleep schedules and highlights the importance of controlling for circadian phase and sleep-wake behavior when assessing energy expenditure.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85056803105&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85056803105&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.005
DO - 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.005
M3 - Article
C2 - 30416064
AN - SCOPUS:85056803105
VL - 28
SP - 3685-3690.e3
JO - Current Biology
JF - Current Biology
SN - 0960-9822
IS - 22
ER -