@article{adc7d889e37b4b889a646942f4789a4f,
title = "Hurricane Fred (2015): Cape Verde's first Hurricane in modern times: Observations, impacts, and lessons learned",
abstract = "Surface and satellite observations along with WRF Model forecasts provide a unique view of Hurricane Fred, the first to strike Cape Verde in 124 years.",
author = "Jenkins, {Gregory S.} and Ester Brito and Emanuel Soares and Sen Chiao and Lima, {Jose Pimenta} and Benvendo Tavares and Angelo Cardoso and Francisco Evora and Maria Monteiro",
note = "Funding Information: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This work was supported by the Department of Meteorology at The Pennsylvania State University. Support for coauthor Chiao was provided by the NASA Office of Education{\textquoteright}s Minority University Research and Education Project (MUREP) Institutional Research Opportunity (MIRO) Contract NNX15AQ02A. We also thank the two reviewers for their useful comments for improving the manuscript. Funding Information: Most of the eastern Atlantic hurricanes form from African easterly waves (AEWs) when ocean temperatures are warm enough to support their formation. This occurs from mid-August through late September, when the African easterly jet (AEJ) and intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) have the greatest northward extension and there is strong convection during the mature phase of the monsoon period (Zawislak and Zipser 2010). The main development region (MDR) can be found from approximately 10° to 20°N latitude and extends westward from the West African coastline to Central America. Tropical disturbances typically form to the west of 30°W and are found to the south of Cape Verde. However, during the 2006 NAMMA campaign, TS Debby and Tropical Depression 8 formed to the east of 30°W (Zipser et al. 2009). The role of Saharan dust through aerosol–cloud microphysics interactions and the impacts on rain properties in relationship to the genesis of tropical cyclones emerged as a relevant topic from the NAMMA field campaign. A related field campaign to NAMMA, funded by the United Kingdom, took place during the summer of 2015 and was called the Ice in Clouds Experiment–Dust (ICE-D). It aimed to examine aerosol–cloud microphysics and precipitation processes in layered and cumulus clouds. The British Aerospace 146 (BAe 146) aircraft and science team were deployed in Praia, Santiago, Cape Verde, during the period of 4–25 August 2015 with limited upper-air, dust, and ozone measurements in Sal, Cape Verde, where a hydrogen generator is located at the National Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics (INMG).",
year = "2017",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0222.1",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "98",
pages = "2603--2618",
journal = "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society",
issn = "0003-0007",
publisher = "American Meteorological Society",
number = "12",
}