Idealized large-eddy simulations of a tropical cyclone-like boundary layer

The tropical cyclone (TC) boundary layer (TCBL)-featuring extreme winds over a rough ocean-is difficult to study observationally. With increasing computational power, high-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES) has become an attractive tool to advance understanding of the TCBL. Here, an idealized Cartesian-based LES is employed to investigate boundary layers driven by extreme TC-like winds. The LES includes the effects of centripetal acceleration through an "effective" Coriolis parameter f * = f + 2V_g/R, with the Earth Coriolis parameter f, gradient wind V_g, and (fixed) radius R. Multiple LES experiments are conducted to elucidate how the boundary layer develops and persists in the strongly rotating TC environment. In all simulations, an overshooting jet develops, the height of which increases with V_g, R, and surface drag. Normalized jet strength also increases with R and drag but decreases with V_g. Turbulent diffusivity K_m-which must be parameterized in mesoscale and global models but can be diagnosed by LES-varies considerably both within and among simulations. Also evident is a pseudo-inertial oscillation with a period close to the theoretical 2π/f * and an amplitude that decreases exponentially with time. The LES simulations agree with the linear theory for partial-slip Ekman spirals, except when the effects of K_m overwhelmingly counter the effects of V_g.