It Takes Two Planets in Resonance to Tango around K2-146

Kristine W.F. Lam; Judith Korth; Kento Masuda; Szilárd Csizmadia; Philipp Eigmüller; Gumundur Kári Stefánsson; Michael Endl; Simon Albrecht; Paul Robertson; Rafael Luque; John H. Livingston; Teruyuki Hirano; Roi Alonso Sobrino; Oscar Barragán; Juan Cabrera; Ilaria Carleo; Alexander Chaushev; William D. Cochran; Fei Dai; Jerome de Leon; Hans J. Deeg; Anders Erikson; Massimiliano Esposito; Malcolm Fridlund; Akihiko Fukui; Davide Gandolfi; Iskra Georgieva; Lucá Gonzalez Cuesta; Sascha Grziwa; Eike W. Guenther; Artie P. Hatzes; Diego Hidalgo; Maria Hjorth; Petr Kabath; Emil Knudstrup; Mikkel N. Lund; Suvrath Mahadevan; Savita Mathur; Pilar Monta&ntilde;es Rodríguez; Felipe Murgas; Norio Narita; David Nespral; Prajwal Niraula; Enric Palle; Martin P tzold; Carina M. Persson; Jorge Prieto-Arranz; Heike Rauer; Seth Redfield; Ignasi Ribas; Marek Skarka; Alexis M.S. Smith; Jan Subjak; Vincent Van Eylen

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab66c9

It Takes Two Planets in Resonance to Tango around K2-146

Kristine W.F. Lam, Judith Korth, Kento Masuda, Szilárd Csizmadia, Philipp Eigmüller, Gumundur Kári Stefánsson, Michael Endl, Simon Albrecht, Paul Robertson, Rafael Luque, John H. Livingston, Teruyuki Hirano, Roi Alonso Sobrino, Oscar Barragán, Juan Cabrera, Ilaria Carleo, Alexander Chaushev, William D. Cochran, Fei Dai, Jerome de LeonHans J. Deeg, Anders Erikson, Massimiliano Esposito, Malcolm Fridlund, Akihiko Fukui, Davide Gandolfi, Iskra Georgieva, Lucá Gonzalez Cuesta, Sascha Grziwa, Eike W. Guenther, Artie P. Hatzes, Diego Hidalgo, Maria Hjorth, Petr Kabath, Emil Knudstrup, Mikkel N. Lund, Suvrath Mahadevan, Savita Mathur, Pilar Montañes Rodríguez, Felipe Murgas, Norio Narita, David Nespral, Prajwal Niraula, Enric Palle, Martin P tzold, Carina M. Persson, Jorge Prieto-Arranz, Heike Rauer, Seth Redfield, Ignasi Ribas, Marek Skarka, Alexis M.S. Smith, Jan Subjak, Vincent Van Eylen

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

K2-146 is a cool, 0.358M⊙ dwarf that was found to host a mini-Neptune with a 2.67 day period. The planet exhibited strong transit timing variations (TTVs) of greater than 30 minutes, indicative of the presence of an additional object in the system. Here we report the discovery of the previously undetected outer planet in the system, K2-146 c, using additional photometric data. K2-146 c was found to have a grazing transit geometry and a 3.97 day period. The outer planet was only significantly detected in the latter K2 campaigns presumably because of precession of its orbital plane. The TTVs of K2-146 b and c were measured using observations spanning a baseline of almost 1200 days. We found strong anti-correlation in the TTVs, suggesting the two planets are gravitationally interacting. Our TTV and transit model analyses revealed that K2-146 b has a radius of 2.25 ± 0.10 R⊕ and a mass of 5.6 ± 0.7 M⊕, whereas K2-146 c has a radius of 2.59_-0.39^+1.81 R⊕ and a mass of 7.1 ± 0.9 M⊕. The inner and outer planets likely have moderate eccentricities of e = 0.14 ± 0.07 and 0.16 ± 0.07, respectively. Long-term numerical integrations of the two-planet orbital solution show that it can be dynamically stable for at least 2 Myr. We show that the resonance angles of the planet pair are librating, which may be an indication that K2-146 b and c are in a 3:2 mean motion resonance. The orbital architecture of the system points to a possible convergent migration origin.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	120
Journal	Astronomical Journal
Volume	159
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab66c9
State	Published - Mar 2020

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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10.3847/1538-3881/ab66c9

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Lam, K. W. F., Korth, J., Masuda, K., Csizmadia, S., Eigmüller, P., Stefánsson, G. K., Endl, M., Albrecht, S., Robertson, P., Luque, R., Livingston, J. H., Hirano, T., Sobrino, R. A., Barragán, O., Cabrera, J., Carleo, I., Chaushev, A., Cochran, W. D., Dai, F., ... Eylen, V. V. (2020). It Takes Two Planets in Resonance to Tango around K2-146. Astronomical Journal, 159(3), [120]. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab66c9

@article{73b8ac1176ba4da9984666157e9e6a01,

title = "It Takes Two Planets in Resonance to Tango around K2-146",

abstract = "K2-146 is a cool, 0.358M⊙ dwarf that was found to host a mini-Neptune with a 2.67 day period. The planet exhibited strong transit timing variations (TTVs) of greater than 30 minutes, indicative of the presence of an additional object in the system. Here we report the discovery of the previously undetected outer planet in the system, K2-146 c, using additional photometric data. K2-146 c was found to have a grazing transit geometry and a 3.97 day period. The outer planet was only significantly detected in the latter K2 campaigns presumably because of precession of its orbital plane. The TTVs of K2-146 b and c were measured using observations spanning a baseline of almost 1200 days. We found strong anti-correlation in the TTVs, suggesting the two planets are gravitationally interacting. Our TTV and transit model analyses revealed that K2-146 b has a radius of 2.25 ± 0.10 R⊕ and a mass of 5.6 ± 0.7 M⊕, whereas K2-146 c has a radius of 2.59-0.39+1.81 R⊕ and a mass of 7.1 ± 0.9 M⊕. The inner and outer planets likely have moderate eccentricities of e = 0.14 ± 0.07 and 0.16 ± 0.07, respectively. Long-term numerical integrations of the two-planet orbital solution show that it can be dynamically stable for at least 2 Myr. We show that the resonance angles of the planet pair are librating, which may be an indication that K2-146 b and c are in a 3:2 mean motion resonance. The orbital architecture of the system points to a possible convergent migration origin.",

author = "Lam, {Kristine W.F.} and Judith Korth and Kento Masuda and Szil{\'a}rd Csizmadia and Philipp Eigm{\"u}ller and Stef{\'a}nsson, {Gumundur K{\'a}ri} and Michael Endl and Simon Albrecht and Paul Robertson and Rafael Luque and Livingston, {John H.} and Teruyuki Hirano and Sobrino, {Roi Alonso} and Oscar Barrag{\'a}n and Juan Cabrera and Ilaria Carleo and Alexander Chaushev and Cochran, {William D.} and Fei Dai and Leon, {Jerome de} and Deeg, {Hans J.} and Anders Erikson and Massimiliano Esposito and Malcolm Fridlund and Akihiko Fukui and Davide Gandolfi and Iskra Georgieva and Cuesta, {Luc{\'a} Gonzalez} and Sascha Grziwa and Guenther, {Eike W.} and Hatzes, {Artie P.} and Diego Hidalgo and Maria Hjorth and Petr Kabath and Emil Knudstrup and Lund, {Mikkel N.} and Suvrath Mahadevan and Savita Mathur and Rodr{\'i}guez, {Pilar Montañes} and Felipe Murgas and Norio Narita and David Nespral and Prajwal Niraula and Enric Palle and {P tzold}, Martin and Persson, {Carina M.} and Jorge Prieto-Arranz and Heike Rauer and Seth Redfield and Ignasi Ribas and Marek Skarka and Smith, {Alexis M.S.} and Jan Subjak and Eylen, {Vincent Van}",

note = "Funding Information: 2020-03-01 2020-02-24 15:14:32 cgi/release: Article released bin/incoming: New from .zip DFG Schwerpunkt RA714/14-1 DFG Schwerpunkt PA525/18-1 DFG Schwerpunkt PA525/19-1 DFG Schwerpunkt PA525/20-1 DFG Schwerpunkt HA3279/12-1 Swedish National Space Agency DNR 163/16 Swedish National Space Agency DNR 174/18 JSPS KAKENHI JP18H01265 JSPS KAKENHI JP18H05439 JST PRESTO JPMJPR1775 UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/S000488/1 UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/R004846/1 Spanish Ministry - Ramon y Cajal fellowship RYC-2015-17697 GACR 17-01752J yes Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..",

year = "2020",

month = mar,

doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/ab66c9",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "159",

journal = "Astronomical Journal",

issn = "0004-6256",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "3",

}

Lam, KWF, Korth, J, Masuda, K, Csizmadia, S, Eigmüller, P, Stefánsson, GK, Endl, M, Albrecht, S, Robertson, P, Luque, R, Livingston, JH, Hirano, T, Sobrino, RA, Barragán, O, Cabrera, J, Carleo, I, Chaushev, A, Cochran, WD, Dai, F, Leon, JD, Deeg, HJ, Erikson, A, Esposito, M, Fridlund, M, Fukui, A, Gandolfi, D, Georgieva, I, Cuesta, LG, Grziwa, S, Guenther, EW, Hatzes, AP, Hidalgo, D, Hjorth, M, Kabath, P, Knudstrup, E, Lund, MN, Mahadevan, S, Mathur, S, Rodríguez, PM, Murgas, F, Narita, N, Nespral, D, Niraula, P, Palle, E, P tzold, M, Persson, CM, Prieto-Arranz, J, Rauer, H, Redfield, S, Ribas, I, Skarka, M, Smith, AMS, Subjak, J & Eylen, VV 2020, 'It Takes Two Planets in Resonance to Tango around K2-146', Astronomical Journal, vol. 159, no. 3, 120. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab66c9

TY - JOUR

T1 - It Takes Two Planets in Resonance to Tango around K2-146

AU - Lam, Kristine W.F.

AU - Korth, Judith

AU - Masuda, Kento

AU - Csizmadia, Szilárd

AU - Eigmüller, Philipp

AU - Stefánsson, Gumundur Kári

AU - Endl, Michael

AU - Albrecht, Simon

AU - Robertson, Paul

AU - Luque, Rafael

AU - Livingston, John H.

AU - Hirano, Teruyuki

AU - Sobrino, Roi Alonso

AU - Barragán, Oscar

AU - Cabrera, Juan

AU - Carleo, Ilaria

AU - Chaushev, Alexander

AU - Cochran, William D.

AU - Dai, Fei

AU - Leon, Jerome de

AU - Deeg, Hans J.

AU - Erikson, Anders

AU - Esposito, Massimiliano

AU - Fridlund, Malcolm

AU - Fukui, Akihiko

AU - Gandolfi, Davide

AU - Georgieva, Iskra

AU - Cuesta, Lucá Gonzalez

AU - Grziwa, Sascha

AU - Guenther, Eike W.

AU - Hatzes, Artie P.

AU - Hidalgo, Diego

AU - Hjorth, Maria

AU - Kabath, Petr

AU - Knudstrup, Emil

AU - Lund, Mikkel N.

AU - Mahadevan, Suvrath

AU - Mathur, Savita

AU - Rodríguez, Pilar Montañes

AU - Murgas, Felipe

AU - Narita, Norio

AU - Nespral, David

AU - Niraula, Prajwal

AU - Palle, Enric

AU - P tzold, Martin

AU - Persson, Carina M.

AU - Prieto-Arranz, Jorge

AU - Rauer, Heike

AU - Redfield, Seth

AU - Ribas, Ignasi

AU - Skarka, Marek

AU - Smith, Alexis M.S.

AU - Subjak, Jan

AU - Eylen, Vincent Van

N1 - Funding Information: 2020-03-01 2020-02-24 15:14:32 cgi/release: Article released bin/incoming: New from .zip DFG Schwerpunkt RA714/14-1 DFG Schwerpunkt PA525/18-1 DFG Schwerpunkt PA525/19-1 DFG Schwerpunkt PA525/20-1 DFG Schwerpunkt HA3279/12-1 Swedish National Space Agency DNR 163/16 Swedish National Space Agency DNR 174/18 JSPS KAKENHI JP18H01265 JSPS KAKENHI JP18H05439 JST PRESTO JPMJPR1775 UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/S000488/1 UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/R004846/1 Spanish Ministry - Ramon y Cajal fellowship RYC-2015-17697 GACR 17-01752J yes Publisher Copyright: © 2020. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..

PY - 2020/3

Y1 - 2020/3

N2 - K2-146 is a cool, 0.358M⊙ dwarf that was found to host a mini-Neptune with a 2.67 day period. The planet exhibited strong transit timing variations (TTVs) of greater than 30 minutes, indicative of the presence of an additional object in the system. Here we report the discovery of the previously undetected outer planet in the system, K2-146 c, using additional photometric data. K2-146 c was found to have a grazing transit geometry and a 3.97 day period. The outer planet was only significantly detected in the latter K2 campaigns presumably because of precession of its orbital plane. The TTVs of K2-146 b and c were measured using observations spanning a baseline of almost 1200 days. We found strong anti-correlation in the TTVs, suggesting the two planets are gravitationally interacting. Our TTV and transit model analyses revealed that K2-146 b has a radius of 2.25 ± 0.10 R⊕ and a mass of 5.6 ± 0.7 M⊕, whereas K2-146 c has a radius of 2.59-0.39+1.81 R⊕ and a mass of 7.1 ± 0.9 M⊕. The inner and outer planets likely have moderate eccentricities of e = 0.14 ± 0.07 and 0.16 ± 0.07, respectively. Long-term numerical integrations of the two-planet orbital solution show that it can be dynamically stable for at least 2 Myr. We show that the resonance angles of the planet pair are librating, which may be an indication that K2-146 b and c are in a 3:2 mean motion resonance. The orbital architecture of the system points to a possible convergent migration origin.

AB - K2-146 is a cool, 0.358M⊙ dwarf that was found to host a mini-Neptune with a 2.67 day period. The planet exhibited strong transit timing variations (TTVs) of greater than 30 minutes, indicative of the presence of an additional object in the system. Here we report the discovery of the previously undetected outer planet in the system, K2-146 c, using additional photometric data. K2-146 c was found to have a grazing transit geometry and a 3.97 day period. The outer planet was only significantly detected in the latter K2 campaigns presumably because of precession of its orbital plane. The TTVs of K2-146 b and c were measured using observations spanning a baseline of almost 1200 days. We found strong anti-correlation in the TTVs, suggesting the two planets are gravitationally interacting. Our TTV and transit model analyses revealed that K2-146 b has a radius of 2.25 ± 0.10 R⊕ and a mass of 5.6 ± 0.7 M⊕, whereas K2-146 c has a radius of 2.59-0.39+1.81 R⊕ and a mass of 7.1 ± 0.9 M⊕. The inner and outer planets likely have moderate eccentricities of e = 0.14 ± 0.07 and 0.16 ± 0.07, respectively. Long-term numerical integrations of the two-planet orbital solution show that it can be dynamically stable for at least 2 Myr. We show that the resonance angles of the planet pair are librating, which may be an indication that K2-146 b and c are in a 3:2 mean motion resonance. The orbital architecture of the system points to a possible convergent migration origin.

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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85088709041&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3847/1538-3881/ab66c9

DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/ab66c9

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85088709041

SN - 0004-6256

VL - 159

JO - Astronomical Journal

JF - Astronomical Journal

IS - 3

M1 - 120

ER -

It Takes Two Planets in Resonance to Tango around K2-146

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