TY - JOUR
T1 - Microwave-assisted calcination of spodumene for efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly extraction of lithium
AU - Rezaee, Mohammad
AU - Han, Shihua
AU - Sagzhanov, Daulet
AU - Vaziri Hassas, Behzad
AU - Slawecki, Tania M.
AU - Agrawal, Dinesh
AU - Akbari, Hamid
AU - Mensah-Biney, Robert
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Pennsylvania State University under George H. Deike, JR. Research Award received by Dr. Rezaee. Partial support for the analysis of the samples was provided by Penn State Energy and Environmental Sustainability Laboratories (EESL). The authors are grateful to Penn State EMS Energy Institute (EI), Microwave Processing and Engineering Center (MPEC), and Material Research Institute (MRI) for providing technical facilities. Appreciation is also extended to Piedmont Lithium Inc. for providing the spodumene samples.
Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Pennsylvania State University under George H. Deike, JR. Research Award received by Dr. Rezaee. Partial support for the analysis of the samples was provided by Penn State Energy and Environmental Sustainability Laboratories (EESL) . The authors are grateful to Penn State EMS Energy Institute (EI), Microwave Processing and Engineering Center (MPEC), and Material Research Institute (MRI) for providing technical facilities. Appreciation is also extended to Piedmont Lithium Inc. for providing the spodumene samples.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2022/1
Y1 - 2022/1
N2 - To utilize the advantages of microwave-assisted calcination over conventional heating, this work studied the effect of microwave power on phase transformation and leachability of spodumene. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were utilized to characterize the phase transformation and structural changes of spodumene calcined by both microwave and conventional heating methods. Results showed that the effect of microwave power on both phase transformation and leachability of spodumene is significant. The optimum lithium recovery through the microwave calcination-acid roasting-leaching process reached 97% at 2.0 kW microwave power, comparable with that of conventional heating. Besides a more rapid, less energy-consuming, and free greenhouse-gas-emission calcination, microwave heating also resulted in lower recovery values of Fe, Na, and Ca in the leaching process, gaining an advantage in downstream purification processes. The microwave temperature profiles of spodumene, and characterization results confirmed that α-spodumene started to transfer into γ- and β-spodumene at around 900 °C.
AB - To utilize the advantages of microwave-assisted calcination over conventional heating, this work studied the effect of microwave power on phase transformation and leachability of spodumene. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were utilized to characterize the phase transformation and structural changes of spodumene calcined by both microwave and conventional heating methods. Results showed that the effect of microwave power on both phase transformation and leachability of spodumene is significant. The optimum lithium recovery through the microwave calcination-acid roasting-leaching process reached 97% at 2.0 kW microwave power, comparable with that of conventional heating. Besides a more rapid, less energy-consuming, and free greenhouse-gas-emission calcination, microwave heating also resulted in lower recovery values of Fe, Na, and Ca in the leaching process, gaining an advantage in downstream purification processes. The microwave temperature profiles of spodumene, and characterization results confirmed that α-spodumene started to transfer into γ- and β-spodumene at around 900 °C.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.11.036
DO - 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.11.036
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85120635513
SN - 0032-5910
VL - 397
JO - Powder Technology
JF - Powder Technology
M1 - 116992
ER -