@article{2fe71650eed146f7a207422c347d0200,
title = "Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales. XX. The massive disk around GM aurigae",
abstract = "Gas mass remains one of the most difficult protoplanetary disk properties to constrain. With much of the protoplanetary disk too cold for the main gas constituent, H2, to emit, alternative tracers such as dust, CO, or the H2 isotopologue HD are used. However, relying on disk mass measurements from any single tracer requires assumptions about the tracer's abundance relative to H2 and the disk temperature structure. Using new Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations from the Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) ALMA Large Program as well as archival ALMA observations, we construct a disk physical/chemical model of the protoplanetary disk GM Aur. Our model is in good agreement with the spatially resolved CO isotopologue emission from 11 rotational transitions with spatial resolution ranging from 0 15 to 0 46 (24-73 au at 159 pc) and the spatially unresolved HD J = 1-0 detection from Herschel. Our best-fit model favors a cold protoplanetary disk with a total gas mass of approximately 0.2 Me, a factor of 10 reduction in CO gas inside roughly 100 au and a factor of 100 reduction outside of 100 au. Despite its large mass, the disk appears to be on the whole gravitationally stable based on the derived Toomre Q parameter. However, the region between 70 and 100 au, corresponding to one of the millimeter dust rings, is close to being unstable based on the calculated Toomre Q of <1.7. This paper is part of the MAPS special issue of the Astrophysical Journal Supplement.",
author = "Schwarz, {Kamber R.} and Calahan, {Jenny K.} and Ke Zhang and Felipe Alarc{\'o}n and Yuri Aikawa and Andrews, {Sean M.} and Jaehan Bae and Bergin, {Edwin A.} and Booth, {Alice S.} and Bosman, {Arthur D.} and Gianni Cataldi and Cleeves, {L. Ilsedore} and Ian Czekala and Jane Huang and Ilee, {John D.} and Law, {Charles J.} and {Le Gal}, Romane and Feng Long and Loomis, {Ryan A.} and Enrique Mac{\'i}as and Yao Liu and Melissa McClure and Fran{\c c}ois M{\'e}nard and {\"O}berg, {Karin I.} and Richard Teague and {van Dishoeck}, Ewine and Catherine Walsh and Wilner, {David J.}",
note = "Funding Information: K.R.S., K.Z., J.B., J.H., and I.C. acknowledge the support of NASA through Hubble Fellowship Program grants HST-HF2-51419.001, HST-HF2-51401.001, HST-HF2-51427.001-A, HSTHF2-51460.001-A, and HST-HF2-51405.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. J.K.C. acknowledges support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration FINESST grant, under grant No. 80NSSC19K1534. C.J.L. and J. K.C. acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE1745303 and DGE1256260. K.Z. acknowledges the support of the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Y.A. acknowledges support by NAOJ ALMA Scientific Research grant code 2019-13B and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research Nos. 18H05222 and 20H05847. S.M.A. and J.H. acknowledge funding support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. 17-XRP17 2-0012 issued through the Exoplanets Research Program. E.A.B. and A.D.B. acknowledge support from NSF AAG grant #1907653. G.C. is supported by NAOJ ALMA Scientific Research grant code 2019-13B. L.I.C. gratefully acknowledges support from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and Johnson & Johnson's WiSTEM2D Program. J. D.I. acknowledges support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom (STFC) under ST/T000287/1. R.L.G. acknowledges support from a CNES research fellowship. F.L. and R.T. acknowledge support from the Smithsonian Institution as SMA Fellows. F.M. acknowledges support from ANR of France under contracts ANR-16-CE31-0013 (Planet-Forming-Disks) and ANR-15-IDEX-02 (through CDP “Origins of Life”). C.W. acknowledges financial support from the University of Leeds and from the STFC, and UKRI (grant Nos. ST/R000549/1, ST/T000287/1, MR/T040726/1). K.I.{\"O}. acknowledges support from the Simons Foundation (SCOL #321183) and an NSF AAG grant (#1907653). Y.L. acknowledges the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 11973090). A.S.B acknowledges the studentship funded by the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom (STFC). F.A. acknowledges support from NSF AAG grant No. 1907653. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.",
year = "2021",
month = nov,
doi = "10.3847/1538-4365/ac143b",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "257",
journal = "Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series",
issn = "0067-0049",
publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",
number = "1",
}