@article{fccf413873244479b67c008e9fdcc38d,
title = "Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert",
abstract = "A high-energy neutrino event detected by IceCube on 22 September 2017 was coincident in direction and time with a gamma-ray flare from the blazar TXS 0506+056. Prompted by this association, we investigated 9.5 years of IceCube neutrino observations to search for excess emission at the position of the blazar. We found an excess of high-energy neutrino events, with respect to atmospheric backgrounds, at that position between September 2014 and March 2015. Allowing for time-variable flux, this constitutes 3.5s evidence for neutrino emission from the direction of TXS 0506+056, independent of and prior to the 2017 flaring episode. This suggests that blazars are identifiable sources of the high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux.",
author = "{IceCube Collaboration} and Aartsen, {M. G.} and M. Ackermann and J. Adams and Aguilar, {J. A.} and M. Ahlers and M. Ahrens and {Al Samarai}, I. and D. Altmann and K. Andeen and T. Anderson and I. Ansseau and G. Anton and C. Arg{\"u}elles and B. Arsioli and J. Auffenberg and S. Axani and H. Bagherpour and X. Bai and Barron, {J. P.} and Barwick, {S. W.} and V. Baum and R. Bay and Beatty, {J. J.} and {Becker Tjus}, J. and Becker, {K. H.} and S. BenZvi and D. Berley and E. Bernardini and Besson, {D. Z.} and G. Binder and D. Bindig and E. Blaufuss and S. Blot and C. Bohm and M. B{\"o}rner and F. Bos and S. B{\"o}ser and O. Botner and E. Bourbeau and J. Bourbeau and F. Bradascio and J. Braun and M. Brenzke and Bretz, {H. P.} and S. Bron and J. Brostean-Kaiser and A. Burgman and Busse, {R. S.} and T. Carver and Cowen, {D. F.}",
note = "Funding Information: We acknowledge support from the following agencies. United States: National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs, NSF Physics Division, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Center for High Throughput Computing (CHTC) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Open Science Grid (OSG), Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, particle astrophysics research computing center at the University of Maryland, Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research at Michigan State University, and the astroparticle physics computational facility at Marquette University. Belgium: Funds for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS and FWO), FWO Odysseus and Big Science programmes, and Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo). Germany: Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), and High Performance Computing cluster of the RWTH Aachen. Sweden: Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. Australia: Australian Research Council. Canada: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Calcul Qu{\'e}bec, Compute Ontario, Canada Foundation for Innovation, WestGrid, and Compute Canada. Denmark: Villum Fonden, Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF). New Zealand: Marsden Fund. Japan: Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR) of Chiba University. Korea: National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF). Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Funding Information: Funding: We acknowledge support from the following agencies. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 International Press of Boston, Inc. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2018",
month = jul,
day = "13",
doi = "10.1126/science.aat2890",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "361",
pages = "147--151",
journal = "Science",
issn = "0036-8075",
publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",
number = "6398",
}