Structural anomalies of the bladder and external genitalia

Genitourinary tract anomalies are some of the most common forms of congenital anomalies. A thorough appreciation of embryology as well as sexual differentiation is imperative to understanding these disease processes and their related assessment and management techniques. The scope of these anomalies and the manner in which they present is vast; therefore, we have attempted to present these disease processes in a concise yet comprehensive manner. The underlying common theme is the goal of the practitioner to provide refunctionalization of the urinary tract and/or genitalia in these patients.