@article{ed6f56b2e41e4c0a9cd92e202d0f0c02,
title = "The ISS-CREAM Silicon Charge Detector for identification of the charge of cosmic rays up to Z = 26: Design, fabrication and ground-test performance",
abstract = " The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass experiment for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) is a space-borne mission designed for the precision measurement of the energy and elemental composition of cosmic rays. The Silicon Charge Detector (SCD), placed at the top of the ISS-CREAM payload, consists of 4 layers. Each layer has 2688 silicon pixels and associated electronics arranged in such a fashion that its active detection area of 78.2 × 73.6 cm 2 is free of dead area. The foremost goal of the SCD is to efficiently and precisely measure the charge of cosmic rays passing through it. The 4-layer configuration was chosen to achieve the best precision in measuring the charge of cosmic rays within the constraints on the mass, volume and power allotted to it. The amount of material used for its support structure was minimized as well to reduce the chance of interactions of the cosmic ray within the structure. Given the placement of the SCD, its 4-layer configuration and the minimal amount of material in the cosmic-ray trajectory, the SCD is designed to measure the charge of cosmic rays ranging from protons to iron nuclei with excellent detection efficiency and charge resolution. We present the design and fabrication of the SCD as well as its performance during space environment tests which it underwent successfully. We also present its performance in charge measurement using heavy ions in a beam test at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. ",
author = "J. Lee and Y. Amare and T. Anderson and D. Angelaszek and N. Anthony and K. Cheryian and Choi, {G. H.} and M. Copley and S. Coutu and L. Derome and L. Eraud and L. Hagenau and Han, {J. H.} and G. Hong and Huh, {H. G.} and Hwang, {Y. S.} and Hyun, {H. J.} and S. Im and Jeon, {H. B.} and Jeon, {J. A.} and S. Jeong and Kang, {S. C.} and Kim, {H. J.} and Kim, {K. C.} and Kim, {M. H.} and Lee, {H. Y.} and Lee, {M. H.} and J. Liang and Link, {J. T.} and L. Lu and L. Lutz and A. Menchaca-Rocha and T. Mernik and Mitchell, {J. W.} and Mognet, {S. I.} and S. Morton and M. Nester and S. Nutter and O. Ofoha and H. Park and Park, {I. H.} and Park, {J. M.} and N. Picot-Clemente and R. Quinn and Seo, {E. S.} and Smith, {J. R.} and P. Walpole and Weinmann, {R. P.} and J. Wu and Yoon, {Y. S.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by National Research Foundation grants 2018R1A2A1A05022685 and their predecessors in Korea. Support was also provided by NASA research grants NNX17AB41G , NNX17AB42G , NNX17AB43G and their predecessors; by National Research Foundation grants 2015R1A2A1A01006870 , 2016R1D1A1B03934341 , 2018R1A6A1A06024970 in Korea; by DGAPA-UNAM Project IN109617 in Mexico; and by IN2P3/CNRS and CNES in France. The authors wish to thank NASA GSFC WFF for engineering support and project management, and JSC ISS Program Office for launch support and ISS accommodation, MSFC for operational support, and KSC and SpaceX for launch support. The authors also thank H. S. Choi, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, for contributions to the SCD thermal vacuum tests, M. Geske, Penn State, for contributions to the BSD, and M. A. Coplan, University of Maryland, contributions to CAL electronics vacuum tests.",
year = "2019",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1016/j.astropartphys.2019.04.005",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "112",
pages = "8--15",
journal = "Astroparticle Physics",
issn = "0927-6505",
publisher = "Elsevier",
}