The polar cap structure of the X-ray pulsar 4U 1538-52

We have compared the pulse phase-dependent spectral observations of 4U 1538-52 obtained from Ginga to a series of static model atmospheres of curved accreting polar caps, utilizing a magnetized radiative transfer code with relativistic polarized cross sections. A χ² fit was performed on the symmetrized pulse shapes, allowing the parameters of the two polar caps to vary independently. We find evidence for a significant difference between the caps, both in terms of opening angle and temperature, while the optical depth is similar and compatible with radiative deceleration models. The polar caps appear larger than what is usually estimated from dipole fields, and are not located at the antipodes of each other. A broader distribution of magnetic fields is required than expected from a dipolar field at constant radius. If the magnetic field is indeed dipolar, it should be off-center in respect to the star and the accretion shock height exhibits an unusual dependence on the polar angle. An alternative possibility is that the magnetic field is disordered on scales small compared to the polar cap radius.