Abstract
The thermodynamic properties of Ca-Bi alloys were determined by electromotive force (emf) measurements to assess the suitability of Ca-Bi electrodes for electrochemical energy storage applications. Emf was measured at ambient pressure as a function of temperature between 723 K and 1173 K using a Ca(s)CaF 2(s)Ca(in Bi) cell for twenty different Ca-Bi alloys spanning the entire range of composition from x Ca = 0 to 1. Reported are the temperature-independent partial molar entropy and enthalpy of calcium for each Ca-Bi alloy. Also given are the measured activities of calcium, the excess partial molar Gibbs energy of bismuth estimated from the Gibbs-Duhem equation, and the integral change in Gibbs energy for each Ca-Bi alloy at 873 K, 973 K, and 1073 K. Calcium activities at 973 K were found to be nearly constant at a value of a Ca = 1 × 10 -8 over the composition range x Ca = 0.32-0.56, yielding an emf of ∼0.77 V. Above x Ca = 0.62 and coincident with Ca 5Bi 3 formation, the calcium activity approached unity. The Ca-Bi system was also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry over the entire range of composition. Based upon these data along with the emf measurements, a revised Ca-Bi binary phase diagram is proposed.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 154-162 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Electrochimica Acta |
Volume | 60 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jan 15 2012 |
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Chemical Engineering(all)
- Electrochemistry